心脏望触叩.ppt

Examination of the Heart Jin Yu-hua Dept.of Geriatrics Examination of the Heart Landmarks and topographic anatomy Certain basic landmarksCertain basic landmarks midsternal line(前正中线前正中线)midclavicular lines(锁骨中线锁骨中线)anterior,middle,and posterior axillary lines(腋前腋前、中中、后线后线)suprasternal notch（胸骨上窝）（胸骨上窝）identification of various ribs and intercostal space precordium（心前区）（心前区）Inspection 蹲下，双眼与蹲下，双眼与被检查者胸廓被检查者胸廓平齐；平齐；双眼视线与心双眼视线与心前区呈切线方前区呈切线方向。向。心前区局部隆起提示儿童期先心、风心心前区局部隆起提示儿童期先心、风心和心肌炎后心肌病导致心脏增大；和心肌炎后心肌病导致心脏增大；鸡胸和漏斗胸畸形伴有心前区隆起，常鸡胸和漏斗胸畸形伴有心前区隆起，常合并先心病；合并先心病；大量心包积液，心前区外观显得饱满；大量心包积液，心前区外观显得饱满；凹陷胸见于马方综合征及部分二脱。凹陷胸见于马方综合征及部分二脱。心前区隆起与凹陷心前区隆起与凹陷 apical impulse（心尖搏动）（心尖搏动）心脏收缩时，左心室前壁在收缩早期撞击心前区胸壁，使相应部位肋间组织向外搏动。坐位时正常心尖搏动一般位于第五肋间左锁骨中线内0.5-1.0cm处，距正中线约7-9cm，搏动范围直径约2-2.5cm。体型：超力型、无力型；年龄：婴儿、儿童；体位：卧位、右侧卧位、左侧卧位；呼吸：深吸气、深呼吸；妊娠 影响心尖搏动位置的生理因素影响心尖搏动位置的生理因素 心脏疾病：左心室增大、右心室增大、全心增大、右位心；胸部疾病：一侧胸腔积液(pleural effusion)或气胸(pneumothorax)、一侧肺不张(atelectasis)或胸膜粘连(pleural-adhesion)、胸廓或脊柱畸形；腹部疾病：大腹水、腹腔内巨大肿瘤。影响心尖搏动位置的病理因素影响心尖搏动位置的病理因素 In mitral disease the impulse is displaced laterally.In aortic disease the impulse is displaced both laterally and downward.Effect of massive right pleural effusion or pneumothorax Effect of massive right atelectasis 生理条件下的变化：体型、肋间宽度；儿童；剧烈活动、情绪激动。心尖搏动强度及范围的变化心尖搏动强度及范围的变化 病理条件下的变化：左心室肥大；心肌病变；心室腔扩大；心包积液；负性心尖搏动；甲亢、发热、严重贫血。心尖搏动强度及范围的变化心尖搏动强度及范围的变化 Abnormal pulsations in the other areas:胸骨左缘第二肋间：肺动脉高压或扩张；胸骨右缘第二肋间及胸骨上窝搏动：升主动脉瘤及主动脉弓瘤；胸骨左缘第三、四肋间：右心室肥大或瘦弱者；剑突下搏动：右心室搏动或腹主动脉搏动。Palpation 触诊能准确判断心尖搏动或其他搏动的位置、强弱和范围；心脏搏动的速率及节律变化；判断心脏收缩期的开始。Method of Palpation Thrill examination by palm Apical impulse examination by finger Apical impulse(心尖搏动心尖搏动)location duration amplitude intensity frequency regularity Sustained sensation(抬举性搏动):LVH Forceful,sustained,through systole with great amplitude more than 2cm diameter Precordial lift or heavy:RVH Decrease amplitude:myocarditis Massive pericardial effusion:impulse cannot be palpable 剑突下搏动鉴别剑突下搏动鉴别 检查者手指平放剑突下，指端指向剑突，向上后方施压，如搏动冲击指尖，且深吸气时增强，提示右心室肥大；搏动冲击手指指腹，且深吸气时减弱，提示腹主动脉搏动或腹主动脉瘤。Thrill 血流经口径较狭窄的部位，或循异常的方向流动而产生漩涡，使心壁或血管壁振动，传至胸壁而被触及。震颤的临床意义。Any thrill should be described as to its location,its time in cardiac cycle,and its mode of extension or transmission.Restricted or narrowed orifice thrill according blood velocity Intensity degree of narrowing to gradient between two chambers duration location disease systole second right ICS AS second left ICS PS third fourth left ICS VSD diastole apical area MS continuous 2nd left ICS PDA Pericardial friction rub 心包膜炎症渗出，脏层和壁层间的摩擦引起振动；与胸膜摩擦感的鉴别；胸骨左缘第四肋间处较易触及；收缩期较易触及、坐位前倾及呼气末更明显。Percussion 叩诊可确定心界，判定心脏和大血管的大小、形状及其在胸廓内的位置。Relative cardiac dullness(心相对浊音界)Absolute cardiac dullness(心绝对浊音界)Method of percussion for heart Percussion with finger parallel to cardiac outlines Percussion with finger at right angle to cardiac outline 叩诊顺序 先左后右 由外向内 自下而上 Heart borders Right border of the heart formed by sup vena(上腔静脉),ascending aorta(升主动脉),right atrium(右心房)Left border of the heart formed by aorta arch(主动脉弓),pulmonary arterial trunk(肺动脉段),left atria appendage(左心房),LV(左心室)Inferior border of the heart formed by RV(右心室),lesser extent LV Normal heart dullness right(cm)ICS,MSL left(cm)2-3 2-3 2-3 3.5-4.5 3-4 5-6 7-9 Normally from midsternal line to MCL is about 8-10cm Cardiac enlargement 左心室增大：心左界向左下扩大，心腰加深接近直角，使心脏浊音界呈靴形，或称“主动脉型”（aortic heart）。见于主动脉瓣关闭不全、高血压性心脏病等 The heart silhouette looks like a shoe 右心室增大：轻度增大仅绝对浊音界增大，显著增大时相对浊音界向两侧扩大，向左增大较显著。常见于肺源性心脏病等。左心房增大：胸骨左缘第三肋间心浊音界向外，心腰部消失或膨出。二尖瓣狭窄时，左心房及肺动脉均扩大，心腰部饱满或膨出，心浊音界的外形成为梨形，或称“二尖瓣型”The heart silhouette is like a pear 左右心室增大：心浊音界向两侧扩大，且左界向左下 扩大，呈普大型。常见于扩张型心肌病、重症心肌炎、全心衰竭。Pericardial effusion 心包积液：心浊音界向两侧扩大，相对浊音界与绝对浊音界接近，坐位呈三角烧瓶形，仰卧位心浊音界发生改变。The heart silhouette is like a flask The heart silhouette is like a globe 心外因素心外因素 胸壁较厚或肺气肿时，心浊音界变小，重度肺气肿时可能叩不出心浊音界；心脏邻近存在可产生浊音的病变时，心脏本身的浊音区无法辨别；大量胸腔积液、积气：患侧心界叩不出，健侧心浊音界外移；心外因素心外因素 大量腹腔积液或腹腔巨大肿瘤：膈抬高，心脏呈横位，叩诊心界向左扩大；胃内含气量增多时，可影响心脏左界下部叩诊。深吸气、妊娠后期，膈抬高，心脏呈横位，叩诊心界向左扩大；Review Precordial bulge(心前区隆起)congenital heart disease rheumatic heart disease (before puberty)pericardical effusion (adult life)Normal apical impulse The apex impulse is normally located in or about the fifth costal interspace inside the left midclavicular line when the patient is supine.The extent of impulse is about 22.5 cm.Displacement of the apical impulse Heart disease LVD displaced to lateral and inferior Displacement of the apical impulse RVD displaced to left and upward Displacement of the apical impulse Congenital dextrocardiac right CHF,myocarditis,myocardiopathy apical impulse decrease intensity Displacement of the apical impulse Massive pericardial effusion apical impulse disappear Displacement of the apical impulse Thoracic disease pneumothorax,pleural effusion shifted to healthy side Displacement of the apical impulse Pleural-adhesion,atelectasis shifted to disease side Emphysema with RVH to inferior to subxiphoid Whats the meaning of Apical Impulse Inward Impulse Broadbent sign Review Method of palpation Precordial pulsa