2023年英语语法大学英语语法总结.doc

英语语法大学英语语法总结 　 关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里/test/quwen.aspxtid=16-73675-0二．宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词〔及物动词〕或介词之后。 　1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由that引导的宾语从句〔that 通常可以省略〕,例如： I heard that he joined the army. (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： 1) She did not know what had happened. 2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介词的宾语 例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语 例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. That 引导的从句常跟在以下形容词后作宾语： Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 　4. It 可以作为形式宾语 It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句那么放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 　例如： We heard it that she would get married next month..5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词 这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如： I admire their winning the match. (right) I admire that they won the match. (wrong) 6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right) He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong) 7. 否认的转移 假设主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句假设含有否认意义，一般要把否认词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如： I don’t think this dress fits you well.〔我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。〕 三．表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句〞。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如： 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四．同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 　1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如： 1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分〔主语或宾语〕，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。 　(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.〔他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。〕〔第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语〕 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.〔汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。〕〔同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分五．倒装一般来说，倒装分为全部倒装和局部倒装，有的倒装是因为语法需要而出现的，有的倒装那么是因为结构平衡的需要而出现的。一、全部倒装1. 以here, there，now, then开头的句子，谓语动词要放在句子的主语之前，这种句子中的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。如：Here comes the train!There goes the bell!注意：如果句子的主语是人称代词，那么不能使用倒装结构。如：Here it comes! / There it does!2. 有些动词短语以副词out, in, up, down, away等结尾，构成不及物动词短语。这时，为了使句子更形象，常将这些副词提前到句首。这时，句中的谓语动词要放在句子主语的前面，构成全部倒装。〔注意，这时句子的主语也必须是名词。如果是人称代词，也不能使用倒装结构。〕如：Up went the rocket.Up it went.3. 为了强调表示地点的介词短语，常将这个介词短语放在句首，构成全部倒装。注意，这时句子的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。如：In the front of the lecture hall sat the speaker.4. 表语置于句首，且主语较长或结构较复杂的句子要用全部倒装。如：Gone are the days when we ha nothing to eat.5. so/ neither/ nor 表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者，其倒装结构为“so/ neither/ nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词〞，这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如：She has finished her homework, so has her brother.She hasn’t gone there, neither/ nor has he.但如果so表示强调，即强调前面所说的情况的真实性时，其结构是“so+主语+助动词/系动词/情态动词〞，这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如：She knows little English, so she does.她英语懂得不多，确实如此。二、局部倒装1． 用于疑问句中。如：How did you do thatDid you see the film yesterday2． 用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句中。如果我们将连词if省略，应把were，had，should提到主语前面。如：If you had come yesterday, you would have seen him.Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.3． 用于as引导的让步状语从句中。As引导的让步状语从句引起的倒装有以下几种形式：1〕 副词置于句首。如：Much as I like it (=Although I like it very much), I will not buy it.2〕 动词置于句首。如：Wait as you may (= Although you may wait), he will not see you.3〕 形容词或名词置于句首。如：Proud as the nobles are (=Although the nobles are proud), they are afraid to see me.Child as he is (=Although he is a child), he can tell right from wrong.注意：如果名词前有形容词修饰时，as引导的倒装句中要保存不定冠词。如：A bad-tempered man as he is (=Although he is a bad-tempered man), he loves me deeply.4． 具有否认意义的副词或连词〔not, hardly, no sooner, not until, seldom, not once, at no time, never, little等〕置于句首时，句子〔主句〕采用局部倒装。Little do we know about him.No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep.Seldom does he come back on Sundays.Not until he came back did I know about it.5． only修饰句子的状语〔从句〕位于句首时，句子9主句〕要用局部倒装。如：Only then did I realize the important of English.Only when a child grows up does he understand his parents’ intentions.但如果only修饰的是句子的其它成分，那么无需倒装。如：Only socialism can save China. (only修饰的是句子的主语，故仍用正常语序)6． not only…but also…连接两个并列分句时，第一个分句应使用局部倒装。如：Not only does he do well in his lessons,