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黑土区坡耕地土壤水分时空分布特征及对降雨的响应_侯淑涛.pdf
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黑土 耕地 土壤 水分 时空 分布 特征 降雨 响应 侯淑涛
河南农业科学,2023,52(1):6172Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciencesdoi:10.15933/ki.10043268.2023.01.007黑土区坡耕地土壤水分时空分布特征及对降雨的响应侯淑涛1,王烁1,王轶昂2,刘焕军1,2,孟令华2,宋梦宁1,侯永华1(1.东北农业大学 公共管理与法学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030;2.中国科学院 东北地理与农业生态研究所,吉林 长春 130012)摘要:为了揭示坡耕地不同土层、不同点位的土壤水分时空分布特征及其对大气降雨的响应,以典型黑土区坡耕地为研究对象,利用原位监测法,获取玉米生长期内坡上、西线坡中及坡下、东线坡中及坡下5个点位0100 cm土壤含水量与大气降水数据,探究降雨后田块尺度内不同坡位的降雨响应特征。结果表明,坡耕地土壤水分分布不均。水平分布上,西线坡下位剖面平均土壤含水量最高(34.63%),而坡上位最低(30.00%),且坡上位剖面平均土壤水分变异系数最大(20.38%);垂直分布上,随土层加深土壤含水量上升,变异系数降低。受季节性干旱与玉米生长影响,监测期内田间土壤蓄水量呈下降趋势,不同点位之间、干旱前期与后期土壤蓄水量响应特征存在差异,干旱后期土壤蓄水量对降雨响应更强烈。10 cm土层土壤含水量变化趋势与降雨量一致,响应时间最早,随着土层加深,响应时间出现滞后。土壤水分对降雨的响应受优势流影响,即土壤侧向流动补给以及玉米根系形成的大孔隙迅速下渗。不同点位土壤水分对降雨响应存在差异,坡上位由于处于坡顶且坡度大,对降雨响应不显著;西线坡中位由于降雨侵蚀引起土壤物理性质改变,对降雨响应强烈;坡下位受坡上水分补给影响,水分消退速度较慢。关键词:黑土区;坡耕地;土壤蓄水量;降雨响应;优势流中图分类号:S152.7文献标志码:A文章编号:1004-3268(2023)01-0061-12Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Moistureand Its Response to Rainfall in Sloping Farmland in Black Soil AreaHOU Shutao1,WANG Shuo1,WANG Yiang2,LIU Huanjun1,2,MENG Linghua2,SONG Mengning1,HOU Yonghua1(1.School of Public Administration and Law,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China;2.Northeast Institute of Geography and AgroEcology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changchun 130012,China)Abstract:In order to reveal the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture indifferent soil layers and different point positions of sloping farmland and its response to atmosphericrainfall,the sloping farmland in typical black soil area was taken as the research object,the 0100 cmsoil moisture content and atmospheric precipitation data of five slope positions including upper slope,middle section and lower section of western slope,middle section and lower section of eastern slope wereobtained by insitu monitoring method during the growing period of maize.And the rainfall responsecharacteristics of different slope positions in the field scale after rainfall were exploded.The results收稿日期:2022-09-05基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1500100);王宽诚教育基金会项目作者简介:侯淑涛(1965-),女,黑龙江哈尔滨人,副教授,硕士,主要从事土地利用与管理研究。E-mail:通信作者:刘焕军(1981-),男,黑龙江牡丹江人,教授,博士,主要从事农业遥感、地理信息系统等方面的研究。E-mail:河南农业科学第 52 卷showed that soil moisture distribution in sloping farmland was uneven.In terms of horizontal distribution,the average soil moisture content in the lower section of the western slope was the highest(34.63%),while the average soil moisture content in the upper slope was the lowest(30.00%),and the average soilmoisture variation coefficient in the upper section was the largest(20.38%);In the vertical distribution,soil moisture content increased with the deepening of soil layer,and the coefficient of variation decreased.Influenced by seasonal drought and maize growth,soil water storage in the field showed a downward trendduring the monitoring period,and there were differences in the response characteristics of soil waterstorage between different point positions and between the early and late drought periods.Soil waterstorage in the late drought period was more strongly responsive to rainfall.The variation trend of soilmoisture content in the 10 cm soil layer was consistent with the rainfall,and the response time was theearliest,but with the deepening of soil layer,the response time lagged.The response of soil moisture torainfall was affected by preferential flow,including lateral flow recharge of soil and rapid infiltration oflarge pores formed by maize roots.There were differences in the response of soil moisture to rainfallamong different point positions.Because the upper slope was at the top of the slope and the slope waslarge,the response to rainfall was not significant.The median section of the western slope was stronglyresponsive to rainfall due to the change of soil physical properties caused by rainfall erosion.The lowerpart of the slope was affected by the water supply from the upper slope,and the water subsided slowly.Key words:Black soil area;Slope farmland;Soil water storage;Precipitation response;Preferential flow土壤水分通常指的是存储在非饱和土壤中的供水量1,作为基本的水文状态变量之一,其时空格局对于了解关键地带的农业、水文、土壤和环境过程具有重要意义2。土壤水分作为连接降水、地表水和地下水的纽带,通过影响蒸发蒸腾和光合作用来影响水、能量和生物地球化学的循环3。土壤水分对降雨的响应同时也是水文循环过程的重要环节,因此,加强对土壤水分对于降雨事件响应的研究尤为重要。众多学者关于土壤水分对降雨的响应特征做了大量研究。关于黄土高原的研究结果表明,不同的植被覆盖会影响降雨下渗量45;ZHU等6关于太湖流域的研究结果表明,降雨后土壤水分变化程度受雨量、降雨强度以及前期土壤湿度共同影响;田迅等7从不同角度出发分析了内蒙古草原不同坡位、坡向对土壤水分分布的影响;白雨诗等8关于三峡山地沟谷的研究结果表明,微地形的差异使得不同坡位对土壤水分的响应存在差异。此外,国内外研究学者针对降雨中形成的壤中流进行了广泛的讨论911。以上研究表明,土地利用特征、地形、土壤性质、降雨特征和优先流等因素会显著影响土壤水分空间分布及其对降雨的响应。但目前国内关于土壤水分对降雨响应的研究主要针对干旱和半干旱地区,对湿润地区研究较少,而且所研究的土地类型主要针对林地、草地等,对农田尤其是坡耕地的研究相对较少。东北黑土区作为全球仅有的四大黑土带之一,是我国重要的粮食主产区,20002018年粮食总产量占全国比重由11.5%上升到20.26%,承担着保障国家粮食安全的重任12,该区地形相对平坦,土壤有机质含量高,多被开垦成坡耕地。由于该地降雨强度大且集中,耕地表层土壤疏松,加上传统的直坡垄作耕作方式为水土流失提供了先决条件,坡耕地黑土层以 23 mm/a的速度递减13。东北黑土区属于雨养农业,土壤水分补充只能依靠自然降水,降水进入土壤后才能被农作物吸收14。土壤水分在农作物生长发育过程中发挥着不可替代的作用,是农业健康稳定发展的基础。鉴于此,以典型黑土区坡耕地为研究对象,探讨不同坡位不同土层土壤蓄水量之间的差异,系统分析0100 cm土层土壤水分对降雨的响应及变化特征,揭示造成不同坡位之间响应差异的主要因素,以期为区域土壤水分监测点布设和墒情监测提供数据及理论支持。1材料和方法1.1研究区概况友谊农场位于黑龙江省双鸭山市友谊县境内(北 纬 46 2815 46 5839,东 经 137 2750 1321538),属于中温带大陆性季风气候,年平均气温2.5

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