24考研英语语法讲义 .pdf

传递良知，让人生更美好大雁考研英语系列之大雁考研英语系列之大雁教你语法长难句讲义主讲：晓艳老师请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好第一章素颜句之简单句第二章裸妆组合之并列句第三章彩妆句之修饰成分第四章特殊结构之美第一章 素颜句之简单句第一节中英文句子比较第二节英文句子基本结构第三节简单句精华之主干第四节写作之简单句第一节 中英文句子比较先看几个例子：中文：重庆江北机场就要到了。英文：We are arriving at Chongqing Jiangbei airport.不能译为：Chongqing Jiangbei Airport is arriving.中文：北京下雨了。英文：It is raining in Beijing.不能译为：Beijing is raining.中文：我要去理发。请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好英文：I will ask a barber to cut my hair.或 I will have my hair cut.不能译为：I will cut my hair.中文：饭吃了吗你？英文：Have you had lunch?不能译为：Lunch eat？小结：1.汉语可以没有主语或谓语或宾语，英语必须必须具备主语和谓语。2.汉语如果有主谓宾，主谓宾不讲究顺序;英语不但要有主谓，并且主谓宾的关系需要固定。3.汉语对词性没有严格的要求，英语对词性有严格的要求。1）汉语句子中可以没有动词做谓语；英语中不可以没有动词做谓语。比如：大雁很美!这个中文句就没有谓语，但是翻译成英文时，必须有谓语。即：Dayan is beautiful。而不是 Dayan beautiful。2）汉语中动词的搭配比较模糊；英语中动词和名词的搭配很明确。主语：动词动作的发出者。宾语：动词动作的承受者。（承受者如果要做主语必须使用被动语态）比如：猪喂了吗？你！或喂了吗？猪译成英文时，只能是：Have you fed the pig？请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好第二节 英语句子基本结构英文的五种基本结构：1.主语+谓语2.主语+谓语+宾语3.主语+谓语+表语4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补主语+谓语主语加不及物的谓语动词构成,常用来表示主语的动作。太阳升起来了。The sun rises.we laughed.主语+谓语+宾语主语+谓语（系动词）+表语主语+谓语（系动词）+表语1）主谓宾的谓语一定是实义动词。实义动词就是能够表达动作的动词。如：吃、喝、拉、撒，等等。请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好2）主谓表的谓语一定是系动词。以下六类：表示状态：be 动词（连接主语和表语，无意义，用于构成句子）表示感官：look，sound，taste，smell，feel（提醒：感官动词后只能加形容词）表示变化：grow，fall，turn，get，become表示保持：stand，keep，stay，remain表示表象：seem，appear表示结果：prove有些动词是两面派，既可以作系动词又可以作实义动词。以下动词作实义动词时意思为：get：得到turn：转动，转弯grow：成长，发展，种植fall：下降keep：继续 养育（eg keep on laughing/keep hens.），stay：逗留（stay in Beijing）方法：看他们在句子中的意思小试牛刀：说出下面的句子是主谓宾还是主系表结构。I formulate a new idea.I predicted his future last year.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语：He returned me my textbook.He brought me some candies.He told me a story.请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好主语+谓语+宾语+宾补复合宾语宾语补足语的主要作用为补充说明宾语的特点、身份，或让宾语完成地某个动作。充当宾语补足语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。小结 区分方法一(字面意思）主谓双宾：send sb.sth.give sb.sth.share sb.sth.主谓宾宾补：ask sb.to do sth.tell sb.to do sth.make sb.sth.make sb.do sth.（使役动词省略 to）小结 区分方法二看这两种句子的定义，“双宾”就是两个宾语，它们之间是没有关系的。“宾补”，说明补语是对前面宾语的补充说明，说明它们得有关系。一个简单的方法：在两个宾语中间，或者在宾语和宾补中间加个系动词。如果读起来语义通顺，就是主谓宾宾补；反之，则是双宾。I made Dayan a cake.My father will buy me a new smartphone.I left my pen on my desk.请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好给三个句子分别加上系动词：Dayan is a cake.I am a new smartphone.My pen is on my desk.前两个是双宾结构，因为意思上说不通。大雁怎么能是蛋糕呢！我怎么能是手机呢！最后一个是宾补，因为意思上完全说得通，说明宾语后面的内容是对前面宾语的补充说明。第三节 简单句精华之主干谓 语（1）谓语成分？Dayan must very gorgeous.My mother love me so much.小试牛刀：To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author ofDeep Work:Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World,recommends buildinga habit of“deep work”the ability to focus without distraction.（英语二 2018Text4）译文：为了克服“忙碌”的陷阱，深度工作:在分心的世界中专注成功的规则(Deep Work:Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World)一 书 的 作 者 卡 尔 纽 波 特(CalNewport)建议，建立一种深度工作的习惯，即不分心地专注的能力。请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好解析：主谓宾结构，即 Cal Newport（主语）recommends（谓语）building a habit of“deep work”（宾语）。思考一下：动词只要具备了时态就一定是谓语了，是吗？前面正在盖房呢！错误：The front is building the house.正确：The house is being built in front.小试牛刀：这幅画是在 1921 年通过遗赠获得的。【翻译】The picture was acquired by bequest in 1921.2008 年的奥运会在北京举行。翻译：The 2008 Olympic Games were held in Beijing.解析：奥运会是不会自己举行的。所以是“被举行”。总结：谓语就是具有时态和语态的实义动词（词组）或者系动词。（2）一句话中能否出现两个或两个以上的动词或动词短语？Do nothing is my habit.(无所事事是我的习惯）I enjoy sleep.(我喜欢睡）My dream is pass postgraduate examination.（我的梦想是通过研究生考试）那些不能作谓语的动词（词组）怎么办？变成不是动词，也就是非动词结构，也就是传说中的“非谓语动词”。把一个动词（词组）变成非动词结构，方法有：1）动词变为动名词（多在其后加-ing，变为 V.-ing），起名词作用；请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好2）动词变为现在分词（多在其后加-ing，变为 V.-ing），表示主动或进行（主动居多）；3）动词变为过去分词（多在后面加-ed，变为 V.-ed），表示被动或完成（被动居多）；4）动词变为不定式（前面加 to，变为 to do），表示目的或将来（目的居多）。回头看：Doing nothing is my habit.(无所事事是我的习惯）I enjoy sleeping.(我喜欢睡）My dream is to pass postgraduate examination.（我的梦想是通过研究生考试）非谓语在句子的成分：作主语：It is no exaggeration to say that health is to people what perfume is to flowers.可以毫不夸张地说，健康对于人正如同香味对于花儿一样。非谓语在句子的成分：作表语：Her job is to teach English.她的工作是教英语。Her dream is to become a rich lady.她的梦想是成为一名有钱人。非谓语在句子的成分：作宾语：Frank enjoys playing basketball with his friends.他很喜欢跟朋友一起打篮球。Frank hopes to travel round the world.请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好他梦想环游世界。非谓语在句子的成分：作定语：I have a meeting to attend.我有一个会议要出席。Children have nothing to worry about.孩子们无忧无虑。非谓语在句子的成分：作状语：She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。非谓语在句子的成分：作补语：I wish you to be happy.我希望你幸福。I saw her chatting with a handsome boy.我看到她在和一位帅哥聊天。非谓语在句子的成分：作同位语：Soon came the order to start the general attack.请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好很快下达了发起总攻的命令。自己在写英文句子的时候，如果一句话有多个动词，选哪个动词做谓语呢？答案是：句子主要想表达哪个动作，就留哪个动作作谓语，意思不重要的动词变成非谓语动词，一般是跟在主语后面的就是主要动作，剩下的都变成非谓语（动词）。举例：听到这个消息，她开心地跳了起来。【翻译】Hearing the news,she jumped with joy.大雁推开门走了进去，看到学生们都坐在椅子上。【翻译】Dayan pushed the door open,walking into the room and seeing studentssitting on the chairs.【解析】写英文句子时一般按照主谓宾的顺序写。根据该句意思我们知道动作发生在过去，所以谓语动词用过去式 pushed。当然如果你实在分不清哪个动作更重要，也可以选择你认为更重要的那个动作作谓语。Dayan,pushing the door open,walked into the room,seeing students sitting on thechairs.小试牛刀：圣诞节来了，春节就不远了。【翻译】Christmas approaching,Spring Festival will be around the corner.大学时间都用来谈恋爱了是我最大的损失。【翻译】Spending college in love is my biggest loss.或 It is my biggest loss tospend college in love.面试取消了，这群大学生都郁闷地回家了。请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好【翻译】The interview was canceled，the group of college students went homedepressingly对吗？大雁在机场为男朋友送别，眼看着他越走越远，泪流满面。【翻译】Dayan saw her boyfriend off at the airport,watching his figure move awayand shedding puddles of tears.明朝统治中国 276 年，被人们描绘成人类历史上治理有序、社会稳定的最伟大的时代之一。翻译：The Ming Dynasty had ruled China for 276 years,depicted as the greatest erain human history for its ordered and stable society.唐代，灯笼在很多地方流行起来，它象征着生活美满，生意兴隆。翻译：Lanterns became popular in many places in the Tang Dynasty,symbolizing ahappy life and prosperous business.（3）一句话能否没有动词呢？铁锤在家呢！这个富商的妻子很年轻。幸福像花儿一样。我一定要超越你。Tiechui is at home!The businessmans wife is young.Happiness is like a flower.（like 是介词）I must be beyond(beyond 是介词）you.小结：请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好一句话当中有且只能有一个有时态和语态的实义动词或系动词的存在，并且充当谓语。（4）动词的分类 实义动词实义动词是表示具体动作的词。常见的分类：及物动词和不及物动词：及物动词：后面直接加宾语，并且必须加宾语。accept the idea，buy a book。不及物动词：后面不能直接加宾语，必须要加了介词以后才能加宾语。I agree with you.连系动词表示状态：be 动词（连接主语和表语，无意义，用于构成句子）表示感官：look，sound，taste，smell，feel（提醒：感官动词后只能加形容词）。表示变化：grow，fall，turn，get，become。表示保持：stand，keep，stay，remain表示表象：seem，appear表示结果：prove 情态动词I cook every day.I have to cook every day.情态动词总结：表推测可能性 mustcancouldmaymight请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好对现在的推测：情态动词+v 原型he must be a rich man.情态动词表示对过去的推测：情态动词+have doneTiedan must have been self-abased in the university.You neednt have shown your love in this way.I could have become an excellent poet.I could have become an excellent poet.情态动词表示对过去的推测：情态动词+have done总结：must have done：一定做过某事neednt have done：本没必要做某事，但是做了could have done：本能够做某事，但没有做should have done：本应该做某事，但没有做 助动词助动词就是帮助谓语动词一起构成否定、疑问、时态、语态等的词。助动词分类及用法a.be助动词 be 主要用来构成进行时和被动语态。I am studying in America now.我现在在美国上学。An increasing number of people are taking part-time jobs.越来越多的人在做兼职。请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好b.dodo 的各种形式 did does 以及否定形式 dont/didnt/doesnt 主要用来构成否定句、疑问句。Do you know Lisa well?Dont you understand what I am saying?你不明白我现在在说什么吗？Did Tiechui visit you yesterday?铁锤昨天来找你了吗？c.havehave 的各种形式 has had 否定 hasnt/hadnt 主要用来帮助构成完成时We havent finished our work yet.我们还没完成工作。We will have finished our work by next week.我们下周为止会完成所有工作。d.will/wouldwill/would 作助动词后面+动词原型帮助构成将来时I will arrive in Beijing at five oclock.我将会在五点到达北京。How long will you be staying in Beijing?你将在北京待多久?主 语请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好（1）主语的成分 She is a teacher.Her job is to teach English.Helping you learn English well is her task.That she will quit his job as an English teacher has upset every one of us.（2）主语能不能少?句子必须要有主谓，所以一句话是不能没有主语的。那祈使句怎么没有主语？祈使句不是没有主语，而是为了加强语气，把主语暂时省略了而已。（2）主语能不能少下面的句子有主语吗？外面很冷。她的包里有一封情书。必须指出努力是实现人生价值的必备因素。（2）主语能不能少无主的解决方案一There be 句型 她的包里有一封情书。一年有四个季节。有很多原因能解释为什么精神的富足最重要。There is a love letter in her bag.There are four seasons in a year.请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好 There are numerous factors explaining why Spiritual abundance is the mostimportant.无主的解决方案二it 作形式主语 机舱里很闷。此时的北京很冷。雪一直在下。It is stuffy in the cabin.It is cold in Beijing now.It keeps snowing.无主的解决方案三被动必须指出坚持是成功的必备因素。We must point out that Persistence is essential to success.Persistence must be pointed out to be essential to success.真相早晚会大白的。The truth will be known by everyone.保护环境很重要。Protecting environment is argued to be of great importance.政府应该采取措施去解决这个问题。Measures should be taken by the government to solve this problem.（主动）你可以一次借两本书。You can borrow two books at a time.请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好（被动）一次两本书可以被你借。Two books can be borrowed at a time.（主动）我们应该照顾父母。We should take good care of our parents.（被动）父母应该被我们照顾。Our parents should be taken good care of by us.无被动的情况：1.系动词无被动（主系表）The milk smells sour.这牛奶闻起来酸了。Dayan looks very tired.大雁看起来特别累。2.have，own，possess 含义为“拥有”一般无被动Ihave many cute dolls.我有很多可爱的娃娃。A person should possess courage,determination and wisdom.一个人应该拥有勇气，决心和智慧。3.表示“发生”或“爆发”的动词（词组）无被动发生：take place，happen，occur请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好爆发：break out，burst outI happened to meet him there.我碰巧在哪儿见到了他。The war broke out in 1937.这场战争于 1937 年爆发。4.不及物动词无被动（主谓）The price has risen.涨价了。5.宾语为不定式、动词的-ing 形式或从句，表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时，一般不用被动语态。如：He decided to go with us.他决定跟我们一起去。I want to buy a computer.我想买一台电脑。6.宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时，一般不用被动语态。如：We should help each other.我们应该相互帮助。We live a happy life in the small town.我们在这个小城里过着幸福的生活。He thinks of himself too much.他对自己想得太多。7.宾语是处所、地点时，一般不用被动语态。如：We will reach the airport in two hours.请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好我们再过两个小时就会到机场了。He has gone to Chongqing now.他已经去重庆了。英汉差异对比：英语形合，汉语意合英语多被动，汉语却多主动我们不应该盲目地追星。Superstars should not be pursued blindly by teenagers and youngsters.越来越多的人认为在孩子成长的过程中家庭教育比学校教育更重要。home education is argued to be more important than school education in childrensgrowth.在过去几十年里，政府采取了各种措施防止灾害发生。various measures,in the past decades,have been taken to prevent disasters.最近，中国科学院(Chinese Academy of Sciences)出版了关于其最新科学发现与未来一年展望的年度系列报告。An annual report about its latest scientific findings and the prospect of the nextyear was recently published by Chinese Academy of Science.无主的解决方案四人称代词做主语这是最后的选择，只有当以上三种方法都解决不了的时候，最后才用人称代词作主语。只有 it，There be，并且主动变被动也行不通时，才加人称代词作主语。比如说“上学”，翻译就是：We/You/I go to school.we all agree with his idea.请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好我们都同意他的观点（不及物动词无被动）宾 语1.宾语的成分 The students admire her.Dayan receives a love letter.Tiedan enjoys browsing TicToc.We should believe that our destiny is in our own hands.小试牛刀：请问下面这句话是“主谓宾”结构么？He stood on the table.（他站在桌子上。）我喜欢在重庆。I like in Chongqing.错误I like Chongqing.I like being/staying in Chongqing.（非谓语动词作宾语）我的儿子虽然才 3 岁，但是他已经懂得了善良和感恩。My son is only 3 years old,but he already knows kind and grateful.错误My son is only 3 years old,but he already knows kindness and gratitude.名词作宾语请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好表 语1.表语的成分Its me.That remains a puzzle to me.My job is to teach English.My hobby is reading.Dayan keeps silent.The sun is up.Tiechui is not at home.This is what Tiechuis mother said.表语的成分有：代词、名词（短语）、非谓语结构、形容词（短语）、副词、介词短语和从句。小试牛刀：她看起来很消极。She looks negative.形容词作表语我喜欢睡觉和美食，但是我的梦想是成功通过研究生考试。I like sleeping and eating,but my dream is to pass the postgraguate exam请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好successfully.不定式作表语我的观点是努力是成功的必备因素。My argument is hard work is essential to success.错误My argument is that hard work is essential to success.表语从句引导词不可省略他的意图是在这个老人去世后继承一笔遗产。His intention was to inherit a fortune when the old man died.不定式作表语第四节 简单句的考点分析1.写作1）单词不会写？2）长难句写出来就是错的？请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好2.长 难 句 分 析第一步：找谓语 Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole andballoon borne instruments are closing in on such structures只翻译主干 天体物理学家们正在研究这些结构。The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into themale dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who arealready questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan s rigidsocial ladder to good schools and jobs.只翻译主干：战后婴儿潮的到来和女人开始进入由男人主宰的职场都限制了机会。Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of 20,demands calories andnutrients notably,protein to feed expanding tissues.翻译：只翻译主干 生长需要热量和营养。If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet anotherscientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.翻译：只翻译主干那将是一个重大的胜利。This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easilyarrange to cite themselves in their future publications,or get associates to do so for请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好them in return for similar favors.只翻译主干：这将会是合理的。总结：第二章 裸妆组合之并列句第一节什么是并列句第二节连词分类及区别第三节并列句运用第一节什么是并列句先来看个例子：英文：Many people are willing to fight for their dreams,others die in their sleep.方法有三：1）加入并列连词连接两个分句，即：请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好Many people are willing to fight for their dreams,but others die in their sleep.2）将其中的一个不重要的句子变成从句，重要的句子留为主句，即：Although many people are willing to fight for their dreams,others die in their sleep.3）独立主格的形式也可以，两句话合成一句话，只留一个动词存在，即：Many people willing to fight for their dreams,others die in their sleep.并列句就是连词连接两个句子（包括从句）；He always works hard at everything,so my mother asks me to learn from him.【翻译】他做任何事情都很努力，因此我妈妈总让我像他学习。My boyfriend promises me that he really loves me and that he will spend all hislife protecting me.【翻译】我男朋友向我保证他真的爱我，他会用他的一生来保护我。第二节 连词分类及区别1.常见的并列连词1）平行关系：and，not only.but also.，both.and.，neither.nor.等。2）转折关系：but，while，yet，whereas 等。3）选择关系：or，whether.or not.，either.or.等。4）因果关系：because，since，for，so 等。请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好2.表示逻辑关系的其它词（副词 和介词短语）1）平行关系：Equally，similarly，likewise，simultaneously，at the same time，in the meanwhile 等。2）递进关系：Then，also，besides，furthermore，moreover，additionally，subsequently，in addition等。3）转折关系：however，nevertheless，nonetheless，conversely，contrarily，unfortunately，unexpectedly，on the contrary，by contrast，on the other hand 等。4）选择关系：alternatively 等5）因果关系：因为：because of，be responsible for，due to，owing to，thanks to所以：thus，hence，consequently，therefore，as a result，as a consequence 等。6）总结关系：On the whole，all in all，overall，in conclusion summary general，generally（speaking），as a whole，mainly，substantially，to sum up，to conclude，in short brief，in a word 等7）表示引出新对象（这类词没有连词，主要是一些介词和介词短语）about=concerning=regarding=with regard to=as for to=in respect of 关于in terms of 就而论，在方面 等请关注微信公众号【神灯考研】稳定一手！传递良知，让人生更美好3.同意思的连词与其它逻辑关系词的区别比较以下两组句子：1）He failed many times,but he didnt despair.或 He failed many times but he didnt despair.2）He failed many times.On the contrary，he didnt despair.或 He failed many times,and on the contrary，he didnt despair.小试牛刀：这辆车子很旧，但仍处于良好的状态。翻译：The car was old,yet it was in excellent condition.或：The car was old.However,it was in excellent condition.平庸的人用热闹填补空虚，优秀的人则以独处成就自己。翻译：Ordinary persons fill the void with excitement,yet these excellent onesaccomplish themselves by solitude.或：Ordinary persons fill the void with excitement.By contrast,these excellent onesaccomplish themselves by solitude.罗曼罗兰曾经说过，做错事才能长见识，所以人生应当做错一些事情。翻译：Romain Rolland once said,“you learn by doing wrong so you should dosomething wrong in life.”或：Romain