2022考研英语-强化班-阅读（讲义）英语考研资料免费分享.pdf

英语英语阅读阅读暑期暑期强化班强化班 主讲：赵南望主讲：赵南望 一、阅读理解一、阅读理解 1.（2009 真题真题 Text 3）(1)The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike.Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social,political and intellectual development of these and all other societies;however,the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.We are fortunate that it is,because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and,as a result,radically higher standards of living.(2)Ironically,the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States.Not long ago,with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak,the U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S.economic performance.Japan was,and remains,the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.Yet the research revealed that the U.S.factories of Honda,Nissan,and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts-a result of the training that U.S.workers received on the job.(3)More recently,while examining housing construction,the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston,Texas,1 consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industrys work.(4)What is the real relationship between education and economic development?We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it.After all,thats how education got started.When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago,they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.(5)As education improved,humanitys productivity potential increased as well.When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential,they could in turn afford more education.This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary,but not a sufficient,condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education.A lack of formal education,however,doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future.On the contrary,constraints on improving productivity explain why education isnt developing more quickly there than it is.1.The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries_.A is subject to groundless doubts B has fallen victim of bias C is conventional downgraded D has been overestimated 2 2.It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new educational system _.A challenges economists and politicians B takes efforts of generations C demands priority from the government D requires sufficient labor force 3.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _.A the Japanese workforce is better disciplined B the Japanese workforce is more productive C the U.S workforce has a better education D the U.S workforce is more organized 4.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _.A when people had enough time B prior to better ways of finding food C when people no longer went hungry D as a result of pressure on government 5.According to the last paragraph,development of education_.A results directly from competitive environments B does not depend on economic performance C follows improved productivity D cannot afford political changes 3 2.(2010 年真题年真题 Text 1)(1)Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century,perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.(2)It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.(3)We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.In those far-off days,it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.Theirs was a serious business,and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly,like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,could be trusted to know what they were about.These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press.“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,”Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”(4)Unfortunately,these critics are virtually forgotten.Neville Cardus,who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975,is now 4 known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.During his lifetime,though,he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics,and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947)became a best-seller.He was knighted in 1967,the first music critic to be so honored.Yet only one of his books is now in print,and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.(5)Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival?The prospect seems remote.Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death,and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.1.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that_ A arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-language.newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.2.Newspaper reviews in England before World War were characterized by _ A free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.3.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?5 A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.4.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.5.What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old Days B The Lost Horizon in Newspapers C Mournful Decline of Journalism D Prominent Critics in Memory 3.（2011 年真题年真题 Text 2）(1)When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving“to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.6 (2)McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isnt alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.(3)As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.(4)The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn Ferry,senior partner Dennis Carey:“I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”(5)Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago,saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.(6)Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.7“The traditional rule was its safer to stay where you are,but thats been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long.”1.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as being_ A arrogant.B frank.C self-centered.D impulsive.2.According to Paragraph 2,senior executives quitting may be spurred by_ A their expectation of better financial status.B their need to reflect on their private life.C their strained relations with the boards.D their pursuit of new career goals.3.The word“poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)most probably means_ A approved of.B attended to.C hunted for.D guarded against.4.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _ A top performers used to cling to their posts.8 B loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.C top performers care more about reputations.D its safer to stick to the traditional rules.5.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A CEOs:Where to Go?B CEOs:All the Way Up?C Top Managers Jump without a Net D The Only Way Out for Top Performers 4.（2011 年真题年真题 Text 3）(1)The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional paid media-such as television commercials and print advertisements-still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create earned media by willingly promoting it to friends,and a company may leverage owned media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketings impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.(2)Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media,such marketers act as the initiator for users responses.But in some cases,one marketers owned media become another marketers paid media-for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.9 We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson&Johnson,for example,has created BabyCenter,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.(3)The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,other stakeholders,or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.(4)If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case,the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.10 1.Consumers may create earned media when they are A obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.C eager to help their friends promote quality products.D enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.2.According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature A a safe business environment.B random competition.C strong user traffic.D flexibility in organization.3.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media A invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C may be responsible for fiercer competition.D deserve all the negative comments about them.4.Toyota Motors experience is cited as an example of A responding effectively to hijacked media.B persuading customers into boycotting products.C cooperating with supportive consumers.D taking adv