2021年考研英语（一）试题与答案.pdf

公众号：考研兔（禁止商用，关注公众号获取免费更多考研干货）2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一)试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:考研兔Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,Cor D on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and theability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1 in youngadulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2 starts to slowly decline as we age.But3 aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen arcassociated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors mighthelp prevent or 6 this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat frommore than 4,000 middlle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes influid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measuresof abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11For women,the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excessabdominal fat:in men,the immune system did not appear to be 13.It is hoped that future studiescould 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean musclemass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18.The two highlyrecommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise andfollowing Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods1.ApausesBreturnCpeaksDfades2.AalternativelyBformallyCaccidentally Dgenerally3.AwhileBsinceConceDuntil4.AdetectionBaccumulationCconsumptionDseparation1公众号：考研兔（禁止商用，关注公众号获取免费更多考研干货）5.ApossibilityBdecisionCgoalDrequirement6AdelayBensureCseekDutilize7.AmodifiedBsupportedcincludedDpredicted8.AdevotedBcomparedCconvertedDapplied9.AwithBaboveCbyDagainst10.AlivedBmanagedCscoredDplayed11.Aran outBset offcdrew inDwent by12.AsuperiorBattributableCparallelDresistant13.ArestoredBisolatedCinvolvedDcontrolled14.AalterBspreadCremoveDexplain15.AcompensationsBsymptomscdemandsDtreatments16.ALikewiseBMeanwhileCThereforeDInstead17.AchangeBwatchCcountDtake18.Awell-beingBprocessCformationDcoordination19.AlevelBloveCknowledge Dspace20.AdesignBroutineCdietDprescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C orD.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1How can Britains train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to getto work or otherwise.This years rise an average of 2.7 percent,may be a fraction lower than lastyears,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of2公众号：考研兔（禁止商用，关注公众号获取免费更多考研干货）investing in and running the rail network.Should be home by those who use it,rather than thegeneral taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincoln-shire haveto subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey?Equally,there is a sense that thetravails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,havereceived too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poor infrastructureof the Midlands and the North.However,over the past 12 months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worstrail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they aremaking to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for thesubstantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikesrests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected byindustrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirementso that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a widerpackage of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways.Yes,moreinvestment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must alsoendure cramped,unreliable services interrupted by regular chaos when time tables are changed,orplanned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalization may have been seenoff for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressedin short order21.The author holds that this years increase in rail passenger faresAhas kept pace with inflation.Bis a big surprise to commuters.C remains an unreasonable measureIDwill ease train operatorsburden.考研兔22.The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand tor3公众号：考研兔（禁止商用，关注公众号获取免费更多考研干货）Arail travelers.Bcar drivers.Clocal investors.Dordinary taxpayers.考研兔23.It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operatorsAhave suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.Bhave failed to provide an adequate service.Care offering compensation to commuters.Dare trying to repair relations with the unions24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to faceAthe loss of investment.Bthe collapse of operationsCa reduction of revenue.Da change of ownership.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?AWho Are to Blame for the Strikes?BConstant Complaining Doesnt WorkCCan Nationalization Bring Hope?DEver-rising Fares Arent SustainableText 2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesias bleak rate deforestation has slowedin pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty programIn 2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residentsunder certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical公众号：考研兔（禁止商用，关注公众号获取免费更多考研干货）care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed toreduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They are already used in dozens of countriesworldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantiallyreduce severe growth problems among children.But the CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,povertyalleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,whileprotecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,thosecorrelations dont prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on anarea in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got moremoney,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted tosee if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has thethird-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-includingduring Indonesias phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest lossfrom other factors,like weather and macroeconomic changes,which were also affecting forest loss.With that,We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,Farrow saysThats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policiesagainst inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land toplant more rice to supplement their harvest.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the moneyto supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess.Farrow suggests the resultsmay transfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the importance of growing riceand market access.And regardless of transfer-ability,the study shows that whats good for people5