2004年逐词逐句精讲册(1).pdf

1004年逐词逐句精讲册Section I Use of English原文朗读词汇讲解对青少年犯罪成因的探讨第一段DMany theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency crimes committed by youngpeople)focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.【词汇注释】juveniled3 u:vanarla.少年的；未成年的individuallndrvd3ualn.个人delinquencydrlnkwansin.(常指青少年的)majormed3a(r)a.主要的：大的犯罪，违法行为contributekantribju:ty.是的原因之一；crimekramn.犯罪活动；不法行为促成；造成commitk3mt.做出（错事）：犯（罪）influenceInfluansn.有影响的人（或事物）【结构切分】concerning the causesof juvenile delinquency(crimes ll committed by young people)介词宾语the causes的后置定语juvenile delinquency的同位语Many theories的后置定语主干：Many theories focuseither onthe individualoronsociety主语谓语连词介词1宾语1连词介词2宾语2宾语the individual、societyl的补足语as the major contributing influence.【全句译文】许多关于青少年犯罪（即低龄人群犯罪）成因的理论要么强调个人因素，要么强调社会因素是导致犯罪的主要因素。2Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior becausethey were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminalbehavior through interaction with others.【词汇注释】center on(注意力)集中于penalizepi:n3lazy.处罚；惩罚engage in从事：参加previouspri:viosa.先前的；以往的criminal behavior犯罪行为misdeedmIsdi:dn.错误行为：恶行sufficientlys3funtliad.足够地；充足地interactionIntaraknn.交流：交往1【结构切分】orthatthey have learned criminal behaviorthrough interaction with others连词引导词主语谓语宾语方式状语suggest的宾语从句2主句：Theoriescentering on the individual suggest主语Theories的后置定语谓语suggesth的宾语从句1thatchildren engage incriminal behavior引导词主语谓语宾语原因状语从句1because theywere not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds引导词主语被动态谓语+状语原因状语【全句译文】强调个人因素的理论认为，青少年之所以会从事犯罪活动，是因为他们以前的错误行为未受到足够的惩罚，或者他们是在与他人交往的过程中学会了犯罪行为。3Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in response to theirfailure to rise above their socioeconomic status,or as a rejection of middle-class values.【词汇注释】in response to sth作为对的反应socioeconomic status社会经济地位failurefeja(r)n,未能做（应做之事）rejectionrd3ekjnn.抛弃；拒绝rise above克服（障碍）；超越（限制）middle-.classmdlklasa.中产阶级的【结构切分】主句：Theories focusing on the role of societysuggestsuggestp的thatchildren commitcrimes主语Theories的后置定语谓语宾语从句引导词主语谓语宾语原因状语in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,oras a rejection of middle-class values原因状语1连词原因状语2【全句译文】强调社会因素的理论则认为，青少年犯罪是因为他们未能如愿超越自身的社会经济地位，或者是出于他们对中产阶级价值观的抵制。第二段DMost theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,ignoring the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.【词汇注释】disadvantaged,disadva:ntId3da.弱势的：社会wealthywel0ia.富有的；富裕的地位低下的homehamn.家庭gnoreigno:(r)k.忽视：不顾【结构切分】主句：Most theoriesof juvenile delinquencyhave focusedon children from disadvantaged families主语theoriesf的后置定语谓语状语个伴随状语ignoring the fact the fact的同that children from wealthy homesalso commit crimes现在分词宾语位语从句引导词主语childrenf的后置定语状语谓语宾语2【全句译文】大部分研究青少年犯罪的理论都把重点放在了贫困家庭的孩子身上，而忽略了出身富裕家庭的孩子也会犯罪这一事实。2The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate parental control.【词汇注释】the latter(刚提及的两者中)后者parentalparentla.父母的adequateedikwata.足够的：合格的controlkantrauln.限制；约束【结构切分】The latter may commitcrimesfor lack of adequate parental control.主语谓语宾语原因状语【全句译文】富裕家庭的孩子可能会因为缺乏足够的父母管教/父母管教不严而犯罪。3All theories,however,are tentative and are subject to criticism.【词汇注释】tentativetentativa.暂定的；不确定的criticismkritisizomn.批评；指责be subject to sth易遭受；可能受.影响【结构切分】All theories,however,aretentativeandaresubject to criticism.主语插入语系动词1表语1连词系动词2表语2【全句译文】不过，所有这些理论都不是定论，且可能会遭到批判。第三段1Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates.【词汇注释】social structure社会结构affectafektv.影响indirectlylndarektliad.间接地3rateretn,率；比率【结构切分】Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates.主语Changes的后置定语状语+谓语宾语【全句译文】社会结构的变化可能会间接地影响青少年犯罪率。2For example,changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and risingunemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.【词汇注释】job opportunity就业机会employmenttmploimantn.工作；职业unemploymentAnmploImantn.失业increasinglyInkri:sinliad.越来越多地；不断增in general普遍地：从总体上看加地gainfulgeinfla.有收益的；有报酬的3【结构切分】主句：For example,changes in the economy makegainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain插入语主语谓语宾语宾语补足语changes in the economyf的定语从句thatlead to fewer job opportunities for youthandrising unemployment in general引导词谓语宾语1连词宾语2【全句译文】比如，导致年轻人就业机会减少以及失业率普遍上升的经济变化使有酬工作越来越难找。3 The resulting discontent may in turn lead more youths into criminal behavior.【词汇注释)resultrZAlt.产生：发生in turn相应地；进而；又discontent,diskontentn.不满意；不满情绪lead sb into sth使某人陷入某种不良的状态【结构切分】The resulting discontent may in turn lead more youthsinto criminal behavior主语谓语+状语宾语宾语补足语【全句译文】由此产生的不满进而可能导致更多的青少年犯罪。第四段1Families have also experienced changes these years.【词汇注释】experienceksptarians.经历：经受these years这些年来：近年来【结构切分】Families have also experiencedchanges these years.主语谓语+状语宾语时间状语【全句译文】近年来家庭也经历/发生了变化。2More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents;consequently,childrenare likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.【词汇注释】consist of由组成：包括consequentlykDnsikw3ntliad.因此；所以one-parentwAn pearanta.单亲的havehav.得到；接受；受到householdhaushauldn.一家人：家庭supervisionsup3vI3nn.监督：监管two working parents双职工父母family structure家庭结构【结构切分】分句l:More families consist ofone-parent householdsortwo working parents:主语谓语宾语1连词宾语2分句2：consequently,children are likely to haveless supervision at home状语主语谓语宾语地点状语比较状语从句thanwascommonin the traditional family structure引导词系动词表语地点状语【全句译文】单亲家庭或者双职工家庭越来越多，因此，与过去传统家庭结构中的常见情形相比，如今孩子受到的家庭监管可能更少。3This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.【词汇注释】parental supervision父母监管；家长监管an influence on sth某事物的一个影响因素【结构切分】This lack of parental supervision is thoughtto be an influence on juvenile crime rates主语被动态谓语主语补足语【全句译文】人们认为缺乏父母监管是影响青少年犯罪率的因素之一。4Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school,the increasedavailability of drugs and alcohol,and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect.【词汇注释】identifiableal,dentfarabla.可确定的；可识drugdragn.毒品别的alcoholelkahpln.酒；酒精offensive3fensiv】a.犯罪的growinggravina.增加的；增长的frustrationfrastreISnn.挫败；受挫incidenceInsid3nsn.发生率failurefeja(r)n.失败abuse3bjusn.虐待increasedInkri:sta.增加的；增强的neglectnrglektn.疏于照管；疏忽availabilityaverlabrlatin.可获得性：可用性【结构切分】主干：Other identifiable causesincludefrustration or failurethe increased availabilityandthe growing incidence主语个谓语宾语1宾语2个连词宾语3causesf的后置定语frustration or failureavailability的后置定语incidencel的后置定语of offensive acts的后置定语in school,of drugs and alcohol,of child abuse and child neglect.【全句译文】导致青少年犯罪行为的其他可知的原因还包括：在学校遭受挫败、毒品和酒精越来越容易获得，以及虐待孩子和疏于照管孩子事件的发生率日益上升。5All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.【词汇注释】conditionkandjnn.(影响某事发生的)情况，causalko:zla.因果关系的条件causal relationship因果关系tend to do sth往往会做某事；常常做某事establishstaeblv.查实；证实probabilityprob3rlatin.可能性；概率【结构切分】主句：All these conditions tend to increasethe probabilityof a child committing a criminal act,主语谓语宾语the probability的后置定语让步状语从句although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.引导词主语状语+被动态谓语【全句译文】所有上述情况往往都会增加青少年犯罪的可能性，不过其中的直接因果关系还未获证实。5