气囊
小肠
诊断
室内
表现
临床
特点
分析
消化病专题892Clin J Med Offic,Sep,2023VONo9临床军医杂志2023年9 月第51卷第9 期经双气囊小肠镜诊断小肠憩室内镜下表现及临床特点分析李成坤,常旭东,曹荣蓉,苏东帅,李英超”,王煜晔,刘小毓,邵晓冬!1.北部战区总医院消化内科,辽宁沈阳110 0 16;2.锦州医科大学北部战区总医院研究生培养基地,辽宁沈阳110 0 16;3.大连医科大学,辽宁大连116 0 0 0摘要目的分析经双气囊小肠镜(DBE)诊断小肠憩室(SBD)内镜下表现及临床特点,提高临床医师对SBD的认识。方法选取自2 0 0 9 年5月1日至2 0 2 2 年8 月31日在北部战区总医院消化内科接受DBE检查的10 2 1例患者为研究对象。收集患者的临床资料,包括性别、年龄,小肠镜检查时间,小肠镜检查诊断结果,确诊为SBD患者的内镜表现,以及SBD患者的临床症状。分析SBD内镜下表现及临床特点。结果10 2 1例患者中,共检出SBD44例,总检出率为4.31%(44/10 2 1)。其中,男性患者SBD检出率为4.11%(2 8/6 8 2),女性为4.7 2%(16/339),不同性别患者的SBD检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。年龄50 岁患者SBD检出率为4.0 6%(2 4/59 1),年龄 50 岁为4.6 5%(2 0/430),不同年龄患者SBD检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2 0 0 9 2 0 15年期间检查的患者6 2 0 例,SBD检出率为3.8 7%(2 4/6 2 0),2 0 16 2 0 2 2 年期间检查的患者40 1例,SBD检出率为4.9 9%(2 0/40 1),不同检查年份患者的SBD检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。经口DBE的SBD检出率为4.19%(18/430),经肛DBE的SBD检出率为4.40%(2 6/59 1),经口DBE和经肛DBE的SBD检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。有15例(34.0 9%)SBD患者出现并发症,其中,5例并发憩室炎症,9 例并发憩室出血,1例并发粪石嵌顿;2 9 例(6 5.9 1%)无并发症。最常见的临床症状为便血/黑便。结论SBD的检出率与患者性别、年龄、检查年份和检查方式无关;SBD检出率最高的部位因检查方式不同而异,大部分为小肠单发憩室;并发症以憩室出血多见,并发憩室出血后以外科手术治疗为主。【关键词小肠憩室;双气囊小肠镜;临床特点;内镜;出血中图分类号:R574doi:10.16680/j.1671-3826.2023.09.03文章编号:16 7 1-38 2 6(2 0 2 3)0 9-0 8 9 2-0 5Endoscopic findings and clinical features of small bowel diverticulosis diagnosed by double-balloon enteroscopyLI Cheng-kun,CHANG Xu-dong,CAO Rong-rong,SU Dong-shuai,LI Ying-chao,WANG Yu-ye,LIU Xiao-yu,SHAO Xiao-dong(1.Department of Gastroenterology,General Hospital of Northern Theater Command,Shenyang 110016,China;2.PostgraduateTraining Base of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command of Jinzhou Medical University,Shenyang 110016,China;3.DalianMedical University,Dalian 116000,China)Abstract:Objective To analyze the endoscopic features and clinical characteristics of the diagnosis of small intestinal diverticula(SBD)by double balloon enteroscopy(DBE),and to improve the understanding of SBD.Methods A total of 1 021 patients who re-ceived DBE examination in the Department of Gastroenterology of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command from May 1,2009 toAugust 31,2022 were selected as the study subjects.Clinical data of patients were collected,including gender,age,colonoscopy time,colonoscopy diagnosis results,endoscopic manifestations of patients diagnosed with SBD,and clinical symptoms of patients with SBD.The endoscopic manifestations and clinical characteristics of SBD were analyzed.Results Among the 1 021 patients,44 cases of SBDwere detected,with a total detection rate of 4.31%(44/1 021).Among them,the detection rate of SBD in male patients was 4.11%(28/682)and that in female patients was 4.72%(16/339).There was no statistical significance in the detection rate of SBD amongdifferent genders(P0.05).The detection rate of SBD in patients 50 years old was 4.06%(24/591),and that in patients 50 years old was 4.65%(20/430).There was no statistical significance in the detection rate of SBD among patients of different ages(P0.05).Among the 620 patients examined from 2009 to 2015,the detection rate of SBD was 3.87%(24/620),and among the401 patients examined from 2016 to 2022,the detection rate of SBD was 4.99%(20/401).The detection rate of SBD among patientsin different examination years was compared.There was no significant difference(P 0.05).The SBD detection rate of transoral DBE基金项目:国家自然科学基金(8 2 2 7 0 6 59 10 0 2 6 35)第一作者:李成坤(19 8 3-),女,辽宁沈阳人,主治医师通信作者:邵晓冬,E-893.Clin J Med Offic,Sep,20232023年9 月第51卷第9 期临床军医杂志was 4.19%(18/430),and that of transanal DBE was 4.40%(26/591).There was no significant difference in the SBD detection ratebetween transoral DBE and transanal DBE(P 0.05).There were 15 cases(34.09%)of SBD patients with complications,of which5 cases with diverticular inflammation,9 cases with diverticular bleeding,1 case with fecalith incarceration.There were no complica-tions in 29 cases(65.91%).The most common clinical symptom was bloody stool/black stool.Conclusion The detection rate of SBDis not related to gender,age,examination year and examination method.The sites with the highest SBD detection rate varies accordingto different examination methods,and most of them are small intestine single diverticulum.Diverticular bleeding is the most commoncomplication,and surgical treatment is the main treatment after diverticular bleeding.Key words:Small bowel diverticulosis;Double-balloon enteroscopy;Clinical feature;Endoscopy;Bleeding小肠憩室(small bowel diverticula,SBD)是一种罕见病,是指因肠腔内压力的影响或胚胎时期发育不良使小肠壁薄弱处向外膨出形成的盲囊 1,根据发病机制,可分为先天性憩室和获得性憩室,先天性憩室以Meckel 憩室较为常见 2 。国外有研究报道,SBD的发病率为0.2%4.5%3。我国SBD的发病率为1%5%,在消化道憩室中位居首位 4。SBD常无特异性临床表现,仅少部分患者可发生感染、出血、嵌顿等症状 5。临床上通常采用消化道造影、腹部CT等传统方法诊断SBD,但上述方法诊断准确性差,且不能直观展示SBD特点 6 。双气囊小肠镜(double-balloon enteroscopy,DBE)是一种能够直视小肠病变的检查手段,相较于传统检查手段具有视野广、图像清晰等显著优势,且能在病变处进行活检及相应治疗 7 。本研究旨在回顾性分析经DBE检查确诊为SBD患者的临床资料、内镜下表现及相关并发症伴发的临床表现,以提高临床医师对SBD的认识。现报道如下1对象与方法1.1研究对象选取自2 0 0 9 年5月1日至2022年8 月31日在北部战区总医院消化内科接受DBE检查的10 2 1例患者为研究对象。其中,男性682例(6 6.8 0%),女性339 例(33.2 0%);平均年龄(44.6 8 0.54)岁;年龄50 岁59 1例,年龄50岁430 例。排除标准:(1)无法完成小肠镜检查者;(2)临床资料不完整者。本研究经北部战区总医院医学伦理委员会审批。由于回顾性研究的特性,本研究的知情同意被免除。1.2检查方法要求患者在检查前3d少渣饮食。经口DBE检查术前禁食水8 h,无需肠道准备。经肛DBE的肠道准备同普通结肠检查。DBE(EN-450/TEN-450,富士能,日本)由1名内镜医师和1名护师配合进行。DBE小肠镜的有效长度2 0 0.0 cm,直径8.5mm,工作钳道直径2.8 mm,视角12 0。外套管长150.0 cm,1个气囊位于DBE镜头端,充气时直径可达2.5cm,另一个气囊位于外套管的前端,充气时直径可达5.0 cm,充气后两气囊内压力均为5.68.2kPa。内镜医师在进行DBE操作时把外套管套在小肠镜镜身上,将肠镜胶注人到小肠镜和外套管之间的空间,以减少操作过程中的摩擦。然后,通过对气囊、镜身及外套管依次反复行充气、放气、推拉及滑行等操作,使小肠镜逐渐插入小肠深部。检查人路的选择由内镜医师根据患者的症状和影像学检查的结果来确定1.3观察指标收集患者的临床资料:(1)患者人口统计学资料,包括性别、年龄;(2)小肠镜检查时间;(3)小肠镜检查诊断结果;(4)确诊为SBD 患者的内镜表现,包括憩室部位、数目(单发或多发)、憩室局部并发症;(5)SBD患者的临床症状,包括腹痛、腹胀、腹泻、便血/黑便和头晕/乏力等。1.4统计学方法采用SPSS20.0统计学软件对数据进行处理。计数资料用例(百分率)表示,组间比较采用x检验。以P0.05)。2.2不同年龄患者SBD检出率比较年龄50岁患者SBD检出率为4.0 6%(2 4/59 1),年龄50岁为4.6 5%(2 0/430)。不同年龄患者SBD检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(x=0.21,P0.05)。2.3不同检查年份患者SBD检出率比较交本研究纳入的患者小肠镜检查年份为2 0 0 9 2 0 2 2 年,以6年为界限将确诊SBD患者检查年份分为2 0 0 9 一2015年及2 0 16 2 0 2 2 年两组。2 0 0 9 2 0 15年期间检查的患者6 2 0 例,SBD检出率为3.8 7%(2 4/6 2 0);20162022年期间检查的患者40 1例,SBD检出率894Clin J Med Offic,Vol.No.9,Sep,2023临床军医杂志2023年9 月第51卷第9 期为4.9 9%(2 0/40 1)。不同检查年份患者的SBD检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(x=0.74,P0.05)。2.4不同方式、不同部位的SBD检出情况SBD发病部位分可分为十二指肠、空肠和回肠(图1)。经口DBE可观察到十二指肠、空肠及回肠中下段的小肠;经肛DBE可观察到回肠及空肠中上段的小肠。经口DBE的SBD检出率为4.19%(18/430);经肛DBE的SBD检出率为4.40%(2 6/59 1)。经口DBE和经肛DBE的SBD检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。经口DBE不同部位的SBD检出情况为十二指肠SBD占2.33%(10/430),空肠SBD占1.6 3%(7/430),无回肠SBD,两个及以上部位SBD占0.2 3%(1/430);经肛DBE不同部位的SBD检出情况为空肠SBD占0.34%(2/59 1),回肠SBD占4.0 6%(2 4/59 1),无两个及以上部位SBD。ELM十二指肠憩室空肠憩室回肠憩室图1不同部位的SBD内镜下表现2.5SSBD检出数量SBD检出数量可分为单发和多发。本研究中单发SBD占8 4.0 9%(37/44),多发SBD占15.9 1%(7/44)。2.6 SBD 并发症SBD患者可伴发憩室炎症、憩室出血、穿孔、粪石嵌顿和肠梗阻等并发症(图2)。本研究纳人的患者中,有15例(34.0 9%)SBD患者出现并发症,其中,5例并发憩室炎症,9 例并发憩室出血,1例并发粪石嵌顿;2 9 例(6 5.9 1%)无并发症。SBD伴发炎症时,腹痛的发生率为60.00%(3/5),便血/黑便的发生率为8 0.0 0%(4/5),头晕/乏力的发生率为40.0 0%(2/5);SBD伴发出血时,腹痛的发生率为2 2.2 2%(2/9),腹泻的发生率为11.11%(1/9),便血/黑便的发生率为88.89%(8/9),头晕/乏力的发生率为2 2.2 2%(2/9);SBD伴发粪石嵌顿时,腹痛的发生率为100.00%(1/1);SBD 无并发症时,腹痛的发生率为31.03%(9/2 9),腹胀的发生率为10.34%(3/2 9),腹泻的发生率为10.34%(3/2 9),便血/黑便的发生率为31.0 3/%(9/2 9),头晕/乏力的发生率为27.59%(8/29)。FILFILL139839182憩室炎症憩室并出血图2SBD患者相关并发症895ClinJMedOffic,Sep,2023O.2023年9 月第51卷第9 期临床军医杂志3讨论SBD按病因分为两种,一种为先天性,系胚胎时期卵黄囊末端未闭合而形成的,比较常见的是Meckel憩室 8 ,其指的是由于脐-肠系膜管退变失败而持续存在 9 ,常位于距回盲瓣40 8 0 cm的小肠系膜边界;另一种为获得性,其形成与腹内压增加有关,常伴有内脏和神经病变,主要形成机制为小肠平滑肌萎缩和纤维化,肠壁囊性扩张,薄弱的肌层进人黏膜下层 10 。憩室多位于十二指肠降部内侧、空肠上段和回肠下段。由于此类憩室仅包含通过肌层突出的黏膜和黏膜下层,以及部分浆膜层,因此又被归为假性憩室 1近年来,随着小肠镜检查技术的推广,SBD逐渐被关注 12 。在本研究中,SBD的检出率为4.31%(44/10 2 1)。然而,SBD有漏诊的可能,主要为以下几个原因:(1)小肠迁曲长,憩室位置较深,经口或经肛小肠镜有可能无法窥视到;(2)憩室较小,易被忽视;(3)憩室位于背光区;(4)肠道蠕动较快,憩室未被观察到;(5)憩室病灶被活动性出血覆盖,或肠道准备不佳,被食物或粪水遮挡;(6)操作者技术及经验水平有限 13。因此,检出率并不能完全代表发病率,但或许可在一定程度上反映发病情况。本研究结果发现,2 0 0 9 2 0 15年与20162022年患者的SBD检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(x=0.74,P0.05),这与其他研究中提到的憩室检出率呈逐年递增 14 不同,这可能与内镜医师年资、经验不同有关。SBD患者多可终身无症状,少部分可有非特异性症状,如腹痛、腹胀、腹泻、发热、恶心和呕吐等 15。Bellio等 5 研究发现,“隐痛、贫血、空肠祥扩张”可作为临床三联征,用于诊断复杂的空肠或回肠憩室。然而,这三联征均是非特异性的,因此,及时、准确地诊断仍非常困难。当SBD出现相关并发症时,临床表现则较明显,如本研究结果发现,当SBD合并炎症或出血时,患者均有腹痛、黑便/便血或头晕/乏力等症状。无症状的SBD患者常无需干预,但发生临床症状或出现相关并发症的SBD患者需要积极治疗。目前,尚无针对复杂性空肠或回肠憩室的治疗指南。Transue等 16 报道,SBD治疗方案与结肠憩室炎的治疗方案基本相同。对于无危及生命的并发症患者,静脉注射抗生素及止血药物及小肠镜下止血等保守治疗可能有效 17 。如果保守治疗失败,则可使用腹腔镜探查术明确诊断或进行外科治疗 18 。本研究的9 例合并憩室出血的SBD患者中,仅有1例经过内科保守治疗后停止出血,剩余8例均进行了外科腹腔镜下小肠部分切除术。目前,随着DBE的日益普及,小肠镜下止血技术被广泛用于 SBD合并出血的治疗,DBE也在SBD合并其他相关并发症的治疗中发挥越来越重要的作用 19 2 0 。然而,小肠镜下治疗存在一定局限性,包括:(1)小肠镜镜身长,操控相对困难,内镜医师准确定位病灶处并进行镜下止血治疗存在一定难度;(2)部分治疗配件与小肠镜不匹配,如部分止血夹及热活检钳等相关治疗配件长度短于小肠镜镜身长度 2 1-2 2 本研究存在不足之处,本研究为单中心、回顾性研究,难以充分避免选择性偏倚;SBD患者数量相对较少,仅44例,研究结果的代表性不强;本研究接受DBE检查发现的SBD的患者并不能代表总体SBD人群。未来将扩大样本量进一步深入研究。综上所述,DBE诊断SBD较直观,视野广且清晰,并可对病变及并发症进行相应处置,在诊断SBD时具有明显优势。SBD的检出率与患者性别、年龄、检查年份和检查方式无关;SBD检出率最高的部位因检查方式不同而异,大部分为小肠单发憩室;并发症以憩室出血多见,并发憩室出血后以外科手术治疗为主。参考文献:1郭卫平,土丹尼玛,彭飞,等.急入高原缺氧环境下回肠憩室穿孔一例 J.中华普通外科学文献(电子版)2 0 2 2,16(1):53-54.2Sagar J,Kumar V,Shah DK.Meckels diverticulum:a systematicreviewJ.J R Soc Med,2006,99(10):501-505.iew articleJ.BMC Surg,2022,22(1):101.3Rangan V,Lamont JT.Small bowel diverticulosis:pathogenesis,clinical management,and new concepts J.Curr GastroenterolRep,2020,22(1):4.4张朕,刘琪,李通,等.小肠巨大憩室1例报道并文献复习 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