老年
精神障碍
患者
谵妄
识别
管理
策略
研究进展
Chin J Nerv Ment Dis Vol.49,No.7 Jul.2023老年期精神障碍患者谵妄识别及管理策略研究进展黄诚*苏丽明*卫珠琴*陈海勤 王丽娜*【摘要】谵妄在老年期精神障碍患者中发生率高,并增加死亡风险。然而,老年期精神障碍患者谵妄的发生未被充分认识且被严重低估。本文从老年期精神障碍患者谵妄的影响因素、评估方法及管理策略等方面进行综述,发现个体特征、精神疾病与其他健康问题、心理社会因素及医源性因素等是老年期精神障碍患者谵妄发生的关联因素;老年期精神障碍患者谵妄需与痴呆、抑郁障碍、双相障碍等疾病进行鉴别;早期识别及多因素综合管理策略对于谵妄防治具有积极影响。【关键词】老年 精神障碍 谵妄 影响因素 评估 抗精神病药物 治疗【中图分类号】R749.99 【文献标识码】AThe research advances in recognition and management of delirium in senile mental disorders.HUANG Cheng,SU Liming,WEI Zhuqin,CHEN Haiqin,WANG Lina.School of Medicine,Huzhou University,Huzhou 313000,China.Tel:0572-2232573.【Abstract】Delirium is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that occurs at a high rate in patients with mental disorders and exacerbates the risk of mortality in patients.However,delirium in patients with mental disorders is seriously underrecognized.This review summarizes the influencing factors,assessment methods and management strategies of delirium in senile mental disorders.This review found that individual characteristics,mental illness and other health problems,psychosocial factors and medical factors are associated with the occurrence of delirium in disorders in senile mental disorders.Delirium in patients with mental disorders needs to be differentiated from dementia,depressive disorders and bipolar disorders;early recognition and integrated multifactorial management strategies have a positive impact on delirium management.【Key words】Older adults Mental disorders Delirium Influencing factors Assessment Antipsychotic agents Treatment谵妄是躯体疾病、物质中毒、戒断或多种原因的直接生理结果,以意识和注意力障碍突然发作和短暂损害为主要特征,病程波动,常伴有连续性的认知和行为障碍1-2。老年期精神障碍患者谵妄的发生率高达19%3,且谵妄与死亡风险密切相关4。老年期精神障碍患者谵妄的核心特征是精神状态急性改变、注意力障碍、定向障碍、认知功能进一步减退;谵妄不仅与精神疾病共存,且与精神疾病存在症状重叠,临床上极易误诊和漏诊5-6。目前,老年期精神障碍患者谵妄的研究较为缺乏。现就该类患者谵妄发生的影响因素、评估方法以及管理策略进行综述,旨在拓展谵妄防治内涵,推进老年期精神障碍患者谵妄的研究及标准化管理。1 老年期精神障碍患者谵妄发生的影响因素1.1 个体特征 老年期精神障碍患者谵妄发生与年龄呈正相关3。同时,谵妄发作史、物质滥用史、视觉和听觉功能衰退导致的个体对时空及事物感知能力下降等因素均与谵妄发生有关3,7-8。失眠、日间过度思睡以及睡眠-觉醒周期紊乱作为老年期精神障碍患者常见的睡眠形态,损害个体的警觉性和认知功能,容易诱发谵妄9。因此,需重点关注高龄患者,将改善睡眠质量、辅助视听功能及强化视空间功能等纳入老年期精神障碍患者谵妄管理方案。1.2 精神疾病及其他健康问题 痴呆和抑郁障碍可增加谵doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0152.2023.07.010国家自然科学基金(编号:72174061,71704053)*湖州师范学院医学院(湖州 313000)湖州市第三人民医院护理部通信作者(E-mail:)综述 436中国神经精神疾病杂志 2023 年 第49 卷 第 7 期妄的发生风险1-11。相反,谵妄也可增加痴呆及抑郁障碍的发生概率10-12。然而,现有证据无法明确这种关联是否存在因果关系。近期一项研究显示,双相障碍与未来谵妄发生风险独立相关13。双相障碍可出现兴奋躁动、生活节律紊乱、拒食等症状14,引起机体内环境紊乱,并增加感染的风险,进而导致神经细胞脱水、缺氧、代谢障碍,诱发谵妄7。老年期精神障碍患者受精神症状影响,易出现感染、慢性疼痛、营养不良及低蛋白血症,可诱发谵妄。促炎因子可引起神经炎症反应,加重神经损害而诱发谵妄15。慢性疼痛时,炎症因子过度活跃,引发神经元损伤和脑功能障碍,进而降低谵妄发生的阈值16。ZHAO等17研究发现,营养不良和低蛋白血症可降低机体对氧自由基的清除能力,使得氧自由基穿过血脑屏障对脑细胞造成损伤,诱发谵妄。因此,临床中应强化多学科合作,充分评估及纠正与谵妄相关的精神疾病及其他健康问题,以降低谵妄发生风险。1.3 心理社会因素 家庭和社会支持在老年期精神障碍患者中效能受限,影响照护质量及营养需求,并增加患者的抑郁程度,诱发谵妄18。既往研究指出,受神经认知功能缺陷及神经质人格特质的影响,老年期精神障碍患者常采取自责和回避等应对方式,对应激源更敏感,产生急性应激反应而诱发谵妄19。此外,MARTIN等20强调,病房中不仅夜间照明影响患者的睡眠节律,而且嘈杂环境增加交感神经兴奋性,从而诱发谵妄。耳塞和眼罩等辅助睡眠策略被证实可降低ICU患者的谵妄风险21,但这种形式的视觉和听觉剥夺,可加重精神科患者,尤其是痴呆患者的定向障碍,进而诱发谵妄22。因此,耳塞和眼罩等辅助策略在老年期精神障碍患者中应慎用。1.4 医源性因素 1.4.1 精神药物的使用 尽管抗精神病药物可通过阻断多巴胺D2受体纠正谵妄的躁动症状,但该类药物可延长谵妄的持续时间,或由于中枢抑制作用,增加活动减少型谵妄及脑卒中的风险23,后者所致的脑缺血将破坏乙酰胆碱合成及摄取途径,从而诱发谵妄10。苯二氮类药物可能通过感觉中枢受损或脱抑制等机制加重谵妄24。此外,三环类抗抑郁药可通过干扰乙酰胆碱、多巴胺及组胺等神经递质系统的平衡而诱发谵妄25。因此,药物治疗时,应密切注意联合用药的累积效应,并正确预防由药物所致的谵妄。1.4.2 其他治疗因素 研究表明,保护性约束、鼻胃管及导尿管治疗,可加重患者营养不良及感染的风险,进而诱发谵妄并延长谵妄时间10,26。MORANDI等27揭示治疗因素在谵妄各亚型间存在分布差异,即身体约束与活动增多型谵妄相关,混合型谵妄患者中静脉导管的使用率最高,活动减少型谵妄患者中导尿管的使用率最高。此外,无抽搐电休克治疗(modified electroconvulsive therapy,MECT)诱发谵妄的概率为5.7%52.8%,多见于苏醒期28-29。抽搐发作时间长、低氧血症、合并高血压是MECT后谵妄发生的危险因素29。此外,碳酸锂与 MECT 联合治疗时,谵妄发生率是单纯MECT的11.7倍30。据此,美国精神病学协会(APA)建议在MECT开始前24 h内停用碳酸锂31。然而,有学者建议,在单一使用MECT缺乏显著疗效时,可考虑联合使用低于常规剂量的碳酸锂,但应评估联合应用的获益风险比30。2 老年期精神障碍患者谵妄的评估方法2.1 谵妄的评估工具 4A测试(the 4“A”s test,4AT)、意识模糊评定量表(confusion assessment method,CAM)及谵妄观察筛查量表(delirium observation screening scale,DOSS)等为普适性谵妄筛查工具,多适用于ICU及急诊环境中的谵妄评估,且操作简便、耗时较短,要求患者意识清醒,具有一定的配合能力和语言表达能力。然而,上述工具在精神障碍患者中尚缺乏效能评估研究。老年期精神障碍患者常用的谵妄筛查工具为谵妄评定量表-98 修订版(delirium rating scale revised-98,DRS-R-98)32,该量表与谵妄诊断的金标准 精神障碍诊断与统计手册 具有较高的一致性。然而,DRS-R-98对受试者语言交流能力及测评者的专业性有较高要求,其应用受到一定限制。近年来,国内学者运用三分钟谵妄诊断量表(3 min confusion assessment method,3D-CAM)对认知功能障碍患者谵妄进行识别,其敏感度为94%,特异度为78%33。可见,该量表对老年期精神障碍患者谵妄的评估可能具有潜在应用价值。同时,HERCUS等34基于决策树算法,揭示既往精神病史(抑郁障碍、精神分裂症、双相障碍、痴呆及物质滥用等)是预测老年期精神障碍患者谵妄误诊的重要因素。谵妄亚型的评估多基于护理谵妄症状清单(nursing delirium symptom checklist,NuDESC)、DRS 中的运动条目以及临床观察。然而,评估工具异质性使得谵妄亚型区分的一致性受限。MEAGHER等35编制谵妄运动亚型量表简化版(delirium motor subtype scale-4,DMSS-4),将谵妄亚型分为活动增多型、活动减少型、混合型及非运动型。目前,DMSS-4的跨文化研究表明谵妄亚型区分度具有较高的一致性,为老年期精神障碍患者谵妄亚型的识别提供了借鉴。2.2 谵妄的鉴别诊断 老年期精神障碍患者的谵妄与原发疾病存在症状重叠,准确鉴别对后续医疗决策尤为重要。437Chin J Nerv Ment Dis Vol.49,No.7 Jul.20232.2.1 谵妄与痴呆的鉴别 痴呆患者意识水平、注意力及定向力在早期阶段相对完好,随着疾病进展,患者对复杂事务的注意能力下降,语义理解困难,在晚期阶段可出现幻觉及妄想等36。研究指出,当痴呆患者突然出现明显的注意力缺陷,时间和空间定向力障碍,并伴有错觉、幻听、恐怖性视幻觉、言语混乱且毫无逻辑时,可考虑谵妄发生36。在睡眠活动的表现上,痴呆患者晚期多表现为睡眠片段化增加,具有一定睡眠节律性37。当出现谵妄时,患者可存在睡眠-觉醒周期紊乱,并呈现晨轻暮重的特征38。此外,老年期精神障碍患者亦存在痴呆叠加谵妄状态,可表现为明显的易激惹及不愿交流、不明原因的跌倒、对照料者表现出敌意或拒绝、缺乏客观证据的灾难性情绪反应、幻觉和妄想内容增多、身体活动减少等表现39。2.2.2 谵妄与其他精神疾病的鉴别 抑郁发作患者认知功能通常完好,以显著而持久的情绪低落和快感缺乏为特征。DENING等38研究指出,严重抑郁障碍时,患者可出现以自责和内疚等为主题的言语性幻听以及罪恶妄想,睡眠以早醒及入睡困难为主,症状晨间加重;当合并谵妄发生时,患者可表现为言语混乱、恐怖性视幻觉、被害妄想,并伴有睡眠-觉醒周期紊乱,呈现“日落效应”。精神分裂症患者通常意识清晰,以言语性幻听、被害妄想为突出症状40。谵妄发生时,精神分裂症患者可突然出现丰富而生动的幻听、错觉、恐怖性的视幻觉,妄想短暂而片段化,并伴有意识水平、注意力及定向力下降,以及异常的生命体征(发热、心率增快、高血压)41。此外,GRISWOLD等41强调,在抗精神病药物治疗后,若患者精神症状持续存在且逐渐加重,亦可考虑谵妄发生。对于双相障碍,患者意识相对清晰,躁狂、抑郁发作期间或间歇期伴随着入睡困难、早醒,语言活动增多或减少。当患者情感状态突然转变,同时伴有意识水平下降、睡眠节律紊乱、言语混乱、时间和空间定向力障碍时,可考虑谵妄发生41。3 老年期精神障碍患者谵妄的管理策略3.1 谵妄药物治疗 抗精神病药物通过阻断多巴胺D2受体,在一定程度上能够降低或改善谵妄的幻觉、妄想等症状42。然而,PANDHARIPANDE等43强调,患者的症状变化也可能是谵妄亚型间切换的表现。同时,NEUFELD等44进一步发现,抗精神病药物并不能降低谵妄的发生率、持续时间、严重程度及死亡率。近年有研究表明,劳拉西泮与氟哌啶醇联合用药是治疗活动增多型谵妄的最佳组合45。然而,劳拉西泮可能通过增加并延长中枢神经抑制效应,阻断胆碱能系统传递,进而诱发谵妄46。与此同时,抗精神病药物继发的锥体外系反应、低血压及认知功能下降亦会诱发谵妄47。因此,谵妄药物治疗前需平衡治疗获益风险比,给药时还应考虑谵妄分型、症状严重程度、药物副作用,实施个性化给药。3.2 谵妄非药物治疗 既往非药物治疗研究聚焦单一风险因素的管理,包括经皮穴位电刺激、音乐疗法等48-49。此外,MARTIN等20通过将老年精神科病房的夜间灯光由白光调整为红光,降低光敏细胞的敏感性,促进褪黑素的分泌,通过改善睡眠达到预防谵妄的目的。meta分析证实认知行为疗法可缓解幻觉及妄想等症状50。鉴于此,老年期精神障碍患者接受认知行为疗法,对于减少因阳性症状诱发的谵妄具有积极作用。随着谵妄归因体系的拓展,多学科、多因素综合策略在谵妄防治中广泛应用。如INOUYE等51构建的住院老年人生活项目(hospital elder life program,HELP),旨在调节谵妄关联的各种危险因素,包括改善认知功能及睡眠、增加主动活动、改善视听、鼓励进食等,取得了较好效果。此外,减少强制性约束、营养不良、非必要性导尿及感染等医源性刺激,对于谵妄预防具有特殊意义。与此同时,应加强对首次接受MECT及高龄患者的关注,监测意识状态及血锂浓度,治疗前后给予吸氧,避免因大脑缺氧诱发活动减少型谵妄。4 小结老年期精神障碍患者具备多种谵妄诱发因素,谵妄与精神疾病及其症状的重叠增加了谵妄管理的难度。基于多学科联合模式的非药物综合管理可以作为老年期精神障碍患者谵妄预防的重要措施。尽管老年患者谵妄问题备受关注,老年期精神障碍患者谵妄及其亚型的分布、归因及预后特征研究仍是薄弱环节。此外,基于循证医学的老年期精神障碍患者谵妄管理方案还有待构建,从而为谵妄管理实践提供最佳证据。参 考 文 献1OH E S,FONG T G,HSHIEH T T,et 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