2015考研英语一真题及答案.pdf

2015考研英语一真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D onANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Though not biologically related,friends are asrelatedas fourth cousins,sharing about 1%ofgenes.That is 1 a study,published from the University of California and Yale University in theProceedings of the National Academy Sciences,has 2.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used in both 5.While 1%may seem 6,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler,professor of medicalgenetics at UC San Diego,says,most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins butsomehow manage to select as friends the 8 our kin.The study 9 found that the genes for small were something shared in friends but not genesfor immunity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain,for now,10,asthe team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it.There could bemany mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13“functional Kinship”of being friends with 14_！One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes to be evolution 15 thanother genes.Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000years,with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply explain peoples 18 to be friend those of similar 19backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population ofEuropean extraction,care taken to 20that all subjects,friends and strangers,were taken fromthe same population.1、AwhatBwhyCJhowDwhen2、AdefendedBconcludedCwithdrawnDadvised3、AforBwithCbyDon4、AseparatedBsoughtCcomparedDconnected5、AtestsBobjectsCsamplesDexamples6、AInsignificantBunexpectedCunreliableDincredible7、AvisitBmissCknowDseek8、AsurpassBinfluenceCfavorDresemble9、AagainBalsoCinsteadDthusl0、AMeanwhileBFurthermoreCLikewiseDPerhapswealthy families who party with the international 1%,and media intrusiveness makes itincreasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary(ifwell-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensive taste oflifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchieshave largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-politicalheads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans,who are the monarchys worst enemies21.According to the first two paragraph,King Juan Carl of SpainAused to enjoy high public supportBwas unpopular among European royalsCcased his relationship with his rivalsDended his reign in embarrassment22.Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostlyAowing to their undoubted and respectable statusBto achieve a balance between tradition and realityCto give voters more public figures to look up toDdue to their everlasting political embodiment23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph 4?AAristocratsexcessive reliance on inherited wealth.BThe role of the nobility in modern democracies.CThe simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.DThe nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24.The British royalshave most to fearbecause CharlesAtakes a tough line on political issues.Bfails to change his lifestyle as advised.Ctakes republicans as his potential allies.Dfails to adapt himself to his future role.25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?ACarlos,Glory and Disgrace CombinedBCharles,Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneCCarlos,a Lesson for All European MonarchsDCharles,Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Court will nowconsider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phoneis on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one thatupsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at thetime of their arrest.It is hard,the state argues,for judges to assess the implications of new andrapidly changing technologiesThe court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice.Enough of theimplications are discernable,even obvious,so that the justice can and should provide updatedguidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of asmart phone-a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say,going through a suspectspurse.The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go throughthe wallet or pocket book,of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring ones smart phone ismore like entering his or her home.A smart phone may contain an arrestees reading history,financial history,medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence.Thedevelopment ofcloud computing.meanwhile,has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole.New,disruptive technologysometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections.Orin Kerr,a lawprofessor,compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century withthe establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th:The justices had tospecify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;they must sort out howthe Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme Court,will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate toAsearch for suspectsmobile phones without a warrant.Bcheck suspectsphone contents without being authorized.Cprevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.Dprohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one ofAtolerance.Bindifference.Cdisapproval.Dcautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comparable toAgetting into ones residence.Bhanding ones historical records.Cscanning ones correspondences.Dgoing through ones wallet.29.In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern thatAprinciples are hard to be clearly expressed.Bthe court is giving police less room for action.Cphones are used to store sensitive information.Dcitizensprivacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate thatAthe Constitution should be implemented flexibly.BNew technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.CCalifornias argument violates principles of the Constitution.DPrinciples of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from otherjournals,after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to theirreproducibility of many published research findings.Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,writes MeNuttin an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed sevenexperts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE).Manuscript will be flagged up foradditional scrutiny by the journals internal editors,or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editorsor by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review thesemanuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said:The creation ofthe statistics boardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics anddata analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibilityin the research we publish.Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,a member ofthe SBoRE group,says he expects the board to play primarily an advisory role.He agreed tojoin because he found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel,uniqueand likely to have a lasting impact.This impact will not only be through the publications inScience itself,but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to modeltheir approach after Science.John Ioannidis,a physician who studies research methodology,says that the policy isa mostwelcome step forwardandlong overdue.Most journals are weak in statistical review,and thisdamages the quality of what they publish.I think that,for the majority of scientific papersnowadays,statist review is more essential than expert review,he says.But he noted thatbiomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine,the Journal of the American MedicalAssociation and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data,but statistical errors arealarmingly common in published research,according to David Vaux,a cell biologist.Researchersshould improve their standards,he wrote in 2012,but journals should also take a tougher line,engaging reviewers who are statistically literature and editors who can verify the process.Vauxsays that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticianshas some merit,but a weaknes is thatit relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify the papers that need scrutinyin the firstplace”.31.It can be learned from Paragraph I thatAScience intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bljournals are strengthening their statistical checks.Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.Dlack of data analysis is common in research projects.32.The phrase flagged up(Para.2)is the closest in meaning toAfound.Brevised.CmarkedDstored33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE mayApose a threat to all its peersBmeet with strong oppositionCincrease Sciences circulation.Dset an example for other journals34.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA.adds to researchersworkload.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future.35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB.Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto EditorsDesksD.Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago,Rupert Murdochs daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the unsettling dearth ofintegrity across so many of our institutions.Integrity had collapsed,she argued,because of acollective acceptance that the only sorting mechanismin society should be profit and the market.Butits us,human beings,we the people who create the society we want,not profit.Driving her point home,she continued:Its increasingly apparent that the absence ofpurpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the mostdangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.This same absence of moral purpose was woundingcompanies such as News International,shield thought,making it more likely that it would lose itsway as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,AndyCoulson,for conspiring to hack phones,and finding his predecessor,Rebekah Brooks,innocent ofthe same charge-the wider issue of dearth of integrity still standstill.Journalists are known tohave hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.This is hacking on an industrial scale,as wasacknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the pointperson for phone hacking.Others await trial.This long story still unfolds.In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespreadphone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations washow little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,how little she thought to askand the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defencewas that she knew nothing.In todays world,title has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountablefor what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised.For ageneration,the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency,flexibility,shareholder value,business-friendly,wealth generation,sales,impact and,in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the marginhave been justice fairness,tolerance,proportionality and accountability.