2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：理学类(10套).pdf

20152015 考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：理学类理学类(10(10 套套)Scientists have known since 1952 that DNA is the basic stuff of heredity.Theyve known its chemical structure since 1953.They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins，the basic building blocks of life.But everything the genetic engineers have accomplished during the past half-century is just a preamble to the work that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues are doing now.Collins leads the Human Genome Project，a 15-year effort to draw the first detailed map of every nook and cranny and gene in human DNA.Anderson，who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations，is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases.What they and other researchers are plotting is nothing less than a biomedical revolution.Like Silicon Valley pirates reverse-engineering a computer chip to steal a competitors secrets，genetic engineers are decoding lifes molecular secrets and trying to use that knowledge to reverse the natural course of disease.DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug，a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease.And thats just the beginning.For all the fevered work being done，however，science is still far away from the Brave New World vision of engineering a perfect humanor even a perfect tomato.Much more research is needed before gene therapy becomes commonplace，and many diseases will take decades to conquer，if they can be conquered at all.In the short run，the most practical way to use the new technology will be in genetic screening.Doctors will be able to detect all sorts of flaws in DNA long before they can be fixed.In some cases the knowledge may lead to treatments that delay the onset of the disease or soften its effects.Someone with a genetic predisposition to heart disease，for example，could follow a low-fat diet.And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective，they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein.But in other instances，almost nothing can be done to stop the ravages brought on by genetic mutations.(409 words)1.It can be inferred from the text that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues _.A know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program B have found the basic building blocks of life C have accomplished some genetic discovery during the past half-century D are making a breakthrough in DNA 2.Collins and Anderson are cited in the text to indicate all the following EXCEPT that _.A time-consuming effort is needed to accomplish the detailed map of in human DNA B human gene-therapy operations may be applied to the patients C gene-therapy now is already generally used to the treatment and prevention of human diseases D information about DNA may be used in the treatment and prevention of human diseases 3.The word“pirate”(line 2，paragraph 3)means_.A one who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea B one who makes use of or reproduces the work of another without authorization C to take(something)by piracy D to make use of or reproduce(anothers work)without authorization 4.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_.A engineering a perfect human is not feasible for the time being B its impossible for scientists to engineer a perfect tomato C many diseases will never be conquered by human beings D doctors will be able to cure all sorts of flaws in DNA in the long run 5.The best title for the text may be _.A DNA and Heredity B The Genetic Revolution C A Biomedical Revolution D How to Apply Genetic Technology 词汇注释 stuff 物质 preamble 开端 nook and cranny 排列 potency 力量 susceptible 易受感染的 predisposition 易患病的体质 难句讲解 1.They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins，the basic building blocks of life.简析 本句话的主干是“They know that”。they 指的是前面句子中提到的 scientists;第一个引导的是宾语从句，some 3 billion bits long 修饰 computer program，第二个 that 也修饰 computer program;the basic building blocks of life 是在解释 proteins.2.Anderson，who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations，is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases.简析 本句话的主干是“Anderson is leading the campaign”。Who 引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰 Anderson;to put information短语修饰 campaign，其中的 to use作目的状语。3.DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug，a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease.简析 本句话的主干是“DNA has become both a blueprint and a drug”。in their hands 修饰 DNA;a pharmacological substance是在解释前面的 drug，其中的第一个 that 引导的定语从句修饰 pharmacological substance;第二个 that 引导的定语从句修饰 imperfections.4.And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective，they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein.简析 本句话的主干是“they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein”。If 引导的是条件状语从句，其中的第一个 that 引导的是宾语从句，because 引导的时原因状语从句;第二个 that 引导的定语从句修饰 gene.答案与解析 36.D 推论题。本题的问题是“根据本文，可以推知：柯林斯、安德森以及他们的众多同事”。题干中的“Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues”出自文章第二段第一句话中，表明本题与第二段有关。第二段提到，柯林斯领导了“人类基因工程”研究项目，而安德森首创了人类第一次成功的基因治疗手术，并且正在领导一项有关 DNA 的研究活动;第三段接着介绍了他们掌握的 DNA 的作用。由此可知，这些研究人员对 DNA 的研究正在取得进步。D“正在取得 DNA 领域的突破”是对文中相关信息的概括，为正确答案。A“知道人类的 DNA 的作用就像一个生物学计算机程序”和C“在过去半个世纪里完成了一些基因发现”是第一段中提到的以前科学家的成果，不是柯林斯、安德森以及他们的同事的成果;B“发现了生命的基本构造元素”是针对文中“spells out the instructions for making proteins，the basic building blocks of life”这句话设置的干扰项。生命的基本构造元素是蛋白质，但这并不是这些研究人员发现的，所以B不对。37.C 结构题。本题的问题是“文中引用柯林斯和安德森是为了表示下面各项，除了”。题干中的“Collins and Anderson”出自文章第二段第一句话中，表明本题与第二段有关。第二段提到这两人时指出，柯林斯领导的研究项目历时 15 年，旨在绘制第一张人类 DNA 基因排列详细图表，而安德森首创了人类第一次成功的基因治疗手术，他正在领导的研究准备把有关 DNA 的信息尽可能迅速地用于治疗并预防人类的疾病;第三段提到，他们掌握的 DNA 可以治疗症状或者导致症状的疾病。这说明，A“为了完成人类 DNA 的详细基因图，需要付出很大的努力”、B“人类基因疗法手术可能被用来治疗患者一和D”有关 DNA 的信息可能被用来治疗并预防人类的疾病“体现了提到这两人的目的。C”如今，基因疗法普遍用于治疗并预防人类的疾病“明显与第四段第三句话的意思不符。38.B 词义题。本题的问题是“单词pirate(第三段第二行)最可能的意思是”。第三段提到该词时是说，这些人反向设计一种电脑芯片去窃取竞争对手的秘密。根据“Sili.”Vailev“可知，A”一个在海上抢劫或者从海上抢劫陆地的人“不对;本句话是把该词与 genetic，engineers 进行比较，说明该词应该是指_人，所以，C”通过盗版获得(某物)“和 D”没有得到授权利用或者复制(他人工作)“不对。只有B”一个没有得到授权利用或者复制他人工作的人“符合文意。39.A 归纳题。本题的问题是“根据本文，我们可以得出结论”。文章前面三段介绍了遗传工程师取得的成就，第四段指出，科学离实现设定一个完美人类的梦想还很遥远，孝基因疗法普遍之前，人们还需要进行更多的研究。这说明，目前的科学还不能设定一个完美人类。A“设定完美的人目前还不可行”是对文中相关信息的改写，为正确答案。文中是说科学离设定完美土豆的梦想很遥远，但并没有说不可能，所以B“科学家要想设定一个完美的土豆是不可能的”与文意不符;C“许多疾病永远也不会被人类征服”是针对第四段最后一句话设置的干扰项，文中是说“许多疾病也需要花费几十年的时间去征服，如果它们可以被人类完全征服的话”，并不能说人类不能征服许多疾病，所以C不对;文中只是说“医生可以检测DNA 中的所有缺陷”，并没有说可以治愈，所以D“从长远来看，医生可能治愈 DNA 中的所有缺陷”不对。40.B 主旨题。本题的问题是“本文的最佳标题可能是”。文章前面几段介绍了遗尊工程师取得的成就，后面两段介绍了科学家在将基因疗法用于治疗疾病方面面临的问题。这说明，本文主要是介绍基因领域的研究。B“基因革命”是对本文的恰当概括，可以表达本文的主题，为正确答案。DNA 是科学家研究的具体内容，不是本文探讨的主题，所以A“DNA 与遗传”不能表达本文的主题;C“一场生物医学革命”概念太广，不准确;有关新技术的利用是最后一段的内容，比较片面，所以D“如何应用基因技术”不能表达本文的主题。It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism(the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy)in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns.The high metabolic rate of small animals，for example，gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight，but at the cost of requiring constant consumption of food and water.Very large animals，with their relatively low metabolic rates，can survive well on a sporadic food supply，but can gen-erate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight.If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered，there-fore，one might assume that smaller，more active，animals could prey on larger ones，at least if they attacked in groups.Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis，the great equalizer.Anaerobic glcolysis is a process in which energy is produced，without oxygen，through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine tri-phosphate(ATP)，the energy provider.The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present-in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles wet weight.Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a verte-brate are proportional to the size of the animal.If，for example，some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur，normally torpid，the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously，via anaerobic glycolysis，the energy of 3，000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production.This explains how many large species have managed to compete with their more active neighbors：the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.There are limitations，however，to this compensa-tion.The glycogen reserves of any animal are good，at most，for only about two minutes at maximum effort，after which only the normal oxidative metabolic source of energy remains.With the conclusion of a burst of activity，the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids，leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted，via oxidative metabolism，by the liver into glucose，which is then sent(in part)back to the muscles for glycogen resyn-thesis.During this process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid，a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones.Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes the glycogen used for maximum effort，for example，the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks.It might seem that this inter-minably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a grave disadvantage for survival.Fortunately，muscle glycogen is used only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary.Only in times of panic or during mortal combat would the entire reserves be consumed.1.What is the text mainly about?。A refute a misconception about anaerobic glycolysis.B introduce a new hypothesis about anaerobic glycolysis.C describe the limitations of anaerobic glycolysis.D explain anaerobic glycolysis and its effects on animal survival.2.According to the author，glycogen is crucial to the process of anaerobic glyrolysis because glycogen A increases the organisms need for ATP.B reduces the amount of ATP in the tissues.C is an inhibitor of the oxidative metabolic production of ATP.D is the material form which ATP is derived.3.It is implied that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to its size because A larger vertebrate conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates.B larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates.C the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size.Dthe amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size，4.According to the text，a major limitation of anaerobic glycolysis is that it can A produce in large animals more lactic acid than the liver can safely reconvert.B necessitate a dangerously long recovery period in large animals.C reduce energy more slowly than it can be used by large animals.Dconsume all of the available glycogen regardless of need.5.Which of the following audiences is the author most probably addressing?A College students in an introductory course on animal physiology.B Historians of science investigating the discovery of anaerobic glycolysis.C Graduate students with specialized training in comparative anatomy.D Zoologists interested in prehistoric animals.参考答案：1.D 主旨题。本题的问题是“本文主要是 关于什么?”文章第一段首先提到动物的氧化新陈代谢率对其生存方式造成的影响，随后引出了无氧糖酵解这个概念;第二段解释了无氧糖酵解，第三段介绍了无氧糖酵解的局限性以及对动物的生存产生的影响。这说明D“解释无氧糖酵解及其对动物生存产生的影响”可以表达本文的主题，为正确答案。文中没有提到有关无氧糖酵解的错误观念和新假说，所以A“反驳有关无氧糖酵解的一个错误概念”和B“介绍有关无氧糖酵解的一种新假说”属于无中生有;C“描述无氧糖酵解的局限性”只是第三段的内容，比较片面，不能表达本文的主题。2.D 细节题。本题的问题是“根据作者的观点，糖原质对于无氧糖酵解的过程至关重要。因为糖原质”。题干中的“glycogen”出自文章第二段第一句话中，表明本题与第二段有关。第二段在解释无氧糖酵解时提到，无氧糖酵解可以产生能量是糖原质存在的作用，其能量是由、肌糖原质分解成乳酸和三磷酸腺苷而产生的，而能量的供应者是三磷酸腺苷。这说明，糖原质是无氧糖酵解的能量来源，也就是三磷酸腺苷的来源。D“是从中获得三磷酸腺苷的物质”是对文章第二段中“through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate(ATP)”这句话的改写，为正确答案。文中没有提到加大三磷酸腺苷的需求和降低其含量的问题，所以A“加大了生物体对三磷酸腺苷的需求”和B“降低了组织中三磷酸腺苷的含量”属于无中生有;C“是三磷酸腺苷的氧化新陈代谢生产的抑制者”与文意相反。3.D 推论题。本题的问题是“文中暗示，脊椎动物的总无氧能源储备与其体型大小相称，因为”。题干中的“are proportional to its size”出自文章第二段第三句话中，表明本题与第二段有关。第二段提到，糖原质大约占脊椎动物肌肉净重的 0.5%，所以脊椎动物的无氧性能量储存同其体型的大小相称;随后列举的恐龙例 if-解释了其中的原翻：由于恐龙的体型庞大，所以它可以通过无氧糖酵解在瞬间产生很大的能量。由此可知。肌肉越多，糖原质的含量就越多，而只有体型越大，肌肉才越多。D“脊椎动物体内的肌肉组织量同其体型大小直接相关”是对文章第二段中“the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal”这句话的改写，为正确答案。A“较大的脊椎动物储备的能量比较小的脊椎动物多”是针对文中“the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal”这句话设置的干扰项。而文中说的是脊椎动物的无氧性能量储存，并 不是脊椎动物储备的能量，属于偷换概念，所以不对;文中只提到了消耗食物和水的问题，没有提到消耗氧气的问题，所以B“较大的脊椎动物每单位体重消耗的氧气比较小的脊椎动物少”属于偷换概念;C“脊椎动物消耗食物的能力是其体型的作用”是对文中“The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a functi0n of the amount of glycogen present”这句话的篡改，与文意不符。4.B 细节题。本题的问题是“根据本文的观点，无氧糖酵解的一个主要局限性就是，它能够”。题干中的“limitation”出自文章第三段第一句话中，表明本题与第三段有关。第三段解释了补偿的局限性，指出，动物由于无氧糖酵解所导致的大量能量消耗必须得到补偿;随后举例说，小地鼠在几分钟内就能补偿其最剧烈运动所消耗的糖原质。但体型庞大的恐龙却需要三个多星期才能完成补偿。这说明，其主要局限性就是大型动物的补偿期时间长。B“使大型动物必须有长时间的补偿期”是对文中“the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks”这句话的改写，为正确答案。文中提到“reconvert”时是说“一阵剧烈运动结束后，体液中乳酸的含量就高，这使得大型动物容易受到攻击，直到乳酸通过氧化新陈代谢由肝脏再次转化成葡萄糖”，说明A“在大型动物体内生产的乳酸比肝脏可以再次转化的乳酸多”属于偷换概念;C“使能量减少的速度慢于大型动物使用能量的速度”与文意相反;D“消耗所有可以利用的糖原质，不管需不需要”与第三段最后一句话的意思不符。5.A 推论题。本文的问题是“作者最可能针对下面哪类听众发表演说?”作者主要是介绍无氧糖酵解对动物的生存产生的影响，他的解释清楚易懂，没有提到深奥难懂的知识。由此可知，作者最可能是针对初学动物学的学生这类读者。A“动物生理学入门课的大学生”为正确答案。本文只是提到了无氧糖酵解，没有介绍如何发现它，并且所介绍的知识并不深奥，所以B“研究无氧糖酵解发现的历史科学家”不可能是作者针对的听众;本文并没有提到解剖学方面的知识，所以C“专业研究比较解剖学的研究生”属于无中生有;本文列举恐龙的例子只是为了说明无氧性能量储存同动物体型的大小相称这个问题，并没有提到其他史前动物，不可能吸引对史前动物感兴趣的动物学家，所以D“对史前动物感兴趣的动物学家”不可能是作者针对的听众。全文译文 长期以来，人们一直知道，任何动物的氧化新陈代谢率(利用氧气将食物转化为能量的过程)都对其生存方式有着深刻的影响。比如，小型动物的高新陈代谢率可以给它们的每个重量单位提供持续不变的力量和活力，但是，这要以不断消耗食物和水为代价。由于大型动物的新陈代谢率相对较低，所以它们可以依赖时有时无的食物供给很好地生存，但是其每克体重生产的新陈代谢能量很少。1)因此，如果只考虑氧化新陈代谢率，那么人们可能认为，更小、更活跃的动物可以捕食较大型的动物，至少如果它们发动群体攻击的话会如此;也许它们可以做到这一点，如果不是因为无氧糖酵解这个重要的补偿机制的话。无氧糖酵解是一个在无氧状态下通过把肌糖原质分解成乳酸和三磷酸腺苷(能量供应者)从而产生能量的过程。无氧糖酵解可以产生能量是糖原质存在的作用糖原质大约占所有脊椎动物肌肉净重的 0.5%.因此，脊椎动物的无氧性能量储存同其体型的大小相称。2)比如-如果某些食肉动物攻击了一只 100 吨重的恐龙。由于这类恐龙通常行动迟缓。所以它可能通过无氧糖酵解在瞬间产生 3，000 个人进行氧化新陈代谢所能产生的最大能量。这就解释了许多大型动物是如何设法与它们周围更活跃的动物竞争的原因：给低氧化新陈代谢率的补偿就是糖酵解。不过，这种补偿有局限性。任何动物的糖原质储存最多只够维持大约两分钟的最剧烈运动，之后就只剩下正常的氧化新陈代谢能量来源。3)一阵剧烈运动结束后，体液中乳酸的含量就会高，这使得大型动物容易受到攻击，直到乳酸通过氧化新陈代谢由肝脏再次转化成葡萄糖，然后，葡萄糖(部分)被送回到肌肉进行糖原质的再合成。在这个过程中，动物由于无 氧糖酵解所导致的大量能量消耗必须得到补偿按比例来说，较大脊椎动物的这种消耗比较小动物大得多。比如，小地鼠在几分钟内就能补偿其最剧烈运动所消耗的糖原质，但是体型庞大的恐龙却需要三个多星期才能完成补偿。似乎可能的是，大型脊椎动物这种冗长的补偿时间被证明对其生存非常不利。幸运的是，只有在需要时才会使用肌糖原质，尽管那样，也只有在需要一定量的糖原质时才如此。只有在惊恐或者生死搏斗时，所有的能量储备才会被消耗。As you read this，nearly 80，000 Americans are waiting for a new heart，kidney or some other organ that co