24冲刺真题讲义【英语一】.pdf

2024 考研英语冲刺真题讲义（英语一）考研英语冲刺真题讲义（英语一）前言：本讲义对应 Monkey 考研全心全意班、逆天改命班 9-11 月真题串讲课的内容。本讲义内容为 2015-2023 年考试真题以及答案，不含具体解析、参考译文、技巧等内容，请同学们在 9 月开课前自行打印本讲义以备使用。基础较为薄弱或想节省时间的同学，也可自行购买包含基础较为薄弱或想节省时间的同学，也可自行购买包含 2015-2023 年真题和参考译文的主流正规出版物（如黄皮书、考研真相等）。年真题和参考译文的主流正规出版物（如黄皮书、考研真相等）。12 月初逆天改命班终极串讲的讲义，将在月初逆天改命班终极串讲的讲义，将在 11 月底另行单独上传。月底另行单独上传。目录目录2015 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）22016 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）162017 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）302018 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）442019 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）582020 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）722021 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）862022 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）1002023 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）114答案速查 1281Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Though not biologically related,friends are as“related”as fourth cousins,sharing about 1%of genes.That is1a study,published from the University ofCalifornia and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences,has2.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted31,932 unique subjectswhich 4pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same peoplewere used in both5.While 1%may seem6,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,says,“Most people do not even7their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who8our kin.”The study9found that the genes for smell were something shared infriends but not genes for immunity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes isdifficult to explain,for now.10,as the team suggests,it draws us to similarenvironments but there is more11it.There could be many mechanismsworking together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13“functional kinship”of being friends with14!One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seemto be evolving15than other genes.Studying this could help16whyhuman evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years,with social environmentbeing a major17factor.The findings do not simply explain peoples18to befriend those ofsimilar 19 backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn2015 年全国硕士研究生招生考试 英语（一）年全国硕士研究生招生考试 英语（一）Section Use of English2from a population of European extraction,care was taken to20that allsubjects,friends and strangers,were taken from the same population.1.A whatB whyC howD when2.A defendedB concludedC withdrawnD advised3.A forB withC byD on4.A separatedB soughtC comparedD connected5.A testsB objectsC samplesD examples6.A insignificantB unexpectedC unreliableD incredible7.A visitB missC knowD seek8.A surpassB influenceC favorD resemble9.A againB alsoC insteadD thus10.A MeanwhileB FurthermoreC LikewiseD Perhaps11.A aboutB toC fromD like12.A limitB observeC confuseD drive13.A according toB rather thanC regardless ofD along with14.A chancesB responsesC benefitsD missions15.A fasterB slowerC laterD earlier16.A forecastB rememberC expressD understand17.A unpredictableB contributoryC controllableD disruptive18.A tendencyB decisionC arrangementD endeavor19.A politicalB religiousC ethnicD economic20.A seeB showC proveD tellSection IIReading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)3Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“kings dont abdicate,they die intheir sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican leftin the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So,does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does thatmean the writing is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificentuniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.Whenpublic opinion is particularly polarised,as it was following the end of the Francoregime,monarchs can rise above“mere”polities and embody a spirit of nationalunity.It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchscontinuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted,Europeis the most monarch-infested region in the world,with 10 kingdoms(not countingVatican City andAndorra).But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf andAsia,most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid thedifficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic ofnational unity as they claim to be,their very historyand sometimes the waythey behave today embodies outdated and indefensible privileges andinequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning ofrising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre thatwealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of moderndemocratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their oldaristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,nothorses(or helicopters).Even so,these are wealthy families who party with theinternational 1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult tomaintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive forsome time to come,it is the British royals who have most to fear from theSpanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with herrather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived becausethey provide a serviceas non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans,who are the monarchys worst enemies.421.According to the first two paragraphs,King Juan Carlos of SpainA used to enjoy high public support.B was unpopular among European royals.C eased his relationship with his rivals.D ended his reign in embarrassment.22.Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostlyA owing to their undoubted and respectable status.B to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.C to give voters more public figures to look up to.D due to their everlasting political embodiment.23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.B The role of the nobility in modern democracies.C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24.The British royals“have most to fear”because CharlesA takes a tough line on political issues.B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.C takes republicans as his potential allies.D fails to adapt himself to his future role.25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Carlos,Glory and Disgrace CombinedB Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneC Carlos,a Lesson for All European MonarchsD Charles,Slow to React to the Coming Threats5Text 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The SupremeCourt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may searchthrough the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard,the stateargues,for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changingtechnologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice.Enough of the implications are discernable,even obvious,so that the justices canand should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploringthe contents of a smartphone a vast storehouse of digital information issimilar to,say,going through a suspects purse.The court has ruled that policedont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet orpocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring ones smartphone ismore like entering his or her home.A smartphone may contain an arresteesreading history,financial history,medical history and comprehensive records ofrecent correspondence.The development of“cloud computing,”meanwhile,hasmade that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.But keepingsensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private andprotected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case,stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge ofline-drawing.In many cases,it would not be overly burdensome for authorities toobtain a warrant to search through phone contents.They could still invalidateFourth Amendment protections when facing severe,urgent circumstances,andthey could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased oraltered while waiting for a warrant.The court,though,may want to allow roomfor police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitutions protections.Orin Kerr,a law professor,compares the explosionand accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishmentof automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th:The justices had tospecify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;theymust sort out how the FourthAmendment applies to digital information now.626.The Supreme court,will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate toA prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.B search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.C check suspectsphone contents without being authorized.D prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one ofA disapproval.B indifference.C tolerance.D cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring ones phone contents is comparable toA getting into ones residence.B handing ones historical records.C scanning ones correspondences.D going through ones wallet.29.In Paragraphs 5 and 6,the author shows his concern thatA principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C citizensprivacy is not effectively protected.D phones are used to store sensitive information.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate thatA the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.C Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.D principles of the Constitution should never be altered.7Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to itspeer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policyfollows similar efforts from other journals,after widespread concern that basicmistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of manypublished research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association,the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE).Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journalsinternal editors,or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peerreviews.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review thesemanuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said,“The creation of the statistics boardwas motivated by concerns broadly with theapplication of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part ofSciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of PublicHealth,a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to“playprimarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he“found the foresightbehind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel,unique and likely to have alasting impact.This impact will not only be through the publications in Scienceitself,but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want tomodel their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis,a physician who studies research methodology,says that thepolicy is“a most welcome step forward”and“long overdue.”“Most journals areweak in statistical review,and this damages the quality of what they publish.Ithink that,for the majority of scientific papers nowadays,statistical review ismore essential than expert review,”he says.But he noted that biomedical journalssuch as Annals of Internal Medicine,the Journal of the American MedicalAssociation and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data,butstatistical errors are alarmingly common in published research,according toDavid Vaux,a cell biologist.Researchers should improve their standards,hewrote in 2012,but journals should also take a tougher line,“engaging reviewerswho are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.”Vaux saysthat Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians“has some merit,but aweakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify the papersthat need scrutinyin the first place.”831.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 thatA Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks.C few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.D lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32.The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning toA found.B marked.C revised.D stored.33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE mayA pose a threat to all its peers.B meet with strong opposition.C increase Sciences circulation.D set an example for other journals.34.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA adds to researchers workload.B diminishes the role of reviewers.C has room for further improvement.D is to fail in the foreseeable future.35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science9Text 4Two years ago,Rupert Murdochs daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the“unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions.”Integrity hadcollapsed,she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only“sortingmechanism”in society should be profit and the market.But“its us,humanbeings,we the people who create the society we want,not profit.”Driving her point home,she continued:“Its increasingly apparent that theabse