IRENA-加大对海洋能源技术的投资（英）-2023-WN5.pdf

2023SCALING UP INVESTMENT IN OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIESwww.irena.org IRENA 2023SCALING UP INVESTMENTS INOCEAN ENERGYTECHNOLOGIESA brief from the IRENA Collaborative Framework on Ocean Energy and Offshore Renewables群内每日免费分享5份+最新资料 群内每日免费分享5份+最新资料 300T网盘资源+4040万份行业报告为您的创业、职场、商业、投资、亲子、网赚、艺术、健身、心理、个人成长 全面赋能！添加微信，备注“入群”立刻免费领取 立刻免费领取 200套知识地图+最新研报收钱文案、增长黑客、产品运营、品牌企划、营销战略、办公软件、会计财务、广告设计、摄影修图、视频剪辑、直播带货、电商运营、投资理财、汽车房产、餐饮烹饪、职场经验、演讲口才、风水命理、心理思维、恋爱情趣、美妆护肤、健身瘦身、格斗搏击、漫画手绘、声乐训练、自媒体打造、效率软件工具、游戏影音扫码先加好友，以备不时之需扫码先加好友，以备不时之需行业报告/思维导图/电子书/资讯情报行业报告/思维导图/电子书/资讯情报致终身学习者社群致终身学习者社群关注公众号获取更多资料关注公众号获取更多资料SCALING UP INVESTMENT IN OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES2 IRENA 2023 Unless otherwise stated,material in this publication may be freely used,shared,copied,reproduced,printed and/or stored,provided that appropriate acknowledgment is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder.Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions,and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material.Citation:IRENA and OEE(2023),Scaling up investments in ocean energy technologies,International Renewable Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi.ISBN 978-92-9260-528-5For further information or to provide feedback:publicationsirena.orgThis report is available at:www.irena.org/publicationsAcknowledgements This brief was authored by Jaidev Dhavle(IRENA)and Lotta Pirttimaa(OEE)under the guidance of Francisco Boshell(IRENA),Rmi Gruet(OEE)and Roland Roesch(Acting Director,IRENA Innovation and Technology Centre).It also benefited from contributions by Jeffrey Tchouambe(IRENA),Victor Kempf(OEE)and Donagh Cagney(OEE).This brief has benefitted from,and incorporates the inputs of,the IRENA Collaborative Framework on Ocean Energy and Offshore Renewables.IRENA is grateful for the generous support provided by the Government of Denmark and the European Commission for this publication.About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA)serves as the principal platform for international co-operation;a centre of excellence;a repository of policy,technology,resource and financial knowledge;and a driver of action on the ground to advance the transformation of the global energy system.A global intergovernmental organisation established in 2011,IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy,including bioenergy and geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solar and wind energy,in the pursuit of sustainable development,energy access,energy security,and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity.www.irena.orgAbout OEEOcean Energy Europe is the largest network of ocean energy professionals in the world.Over 120 organisations,including Europes leading utilities,industrialists and research institutes,trust OEE to represent the interests of Europes ocean energy sector.As a not-for-profit organisation,every euro invested in OEE is used to promote the European ocean energy industry.www.oceanenergy-europe.euDisclaimerThis publication and the material herein are provided“as is”.All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify the reliability of the material in this publication.However,neither IRENA nor any of its officials,agents,data or other third-party content providers provides a warranty of any kind,either expressed or implied,and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of the publication or material herein.The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all Members of IRENA.The mention of specific companies or certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region,country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries.Cover photo:EpicStockMedia Shutterstock 3CONTENTSFigures .4Tables .4Boxes .4Abbreviations .41 Ocean energy:A clean,predictable and secure source of energy .51.1A clear path to rapid cost reduction.122 Guide to scaling up investment in ocean energy projects .132.1R&D and prototype stages:Proving technology via grants .152.2 Demonstration and pre-commercial stages:Attracting investors with public financial instruments.192.3 Industrial roll-out stage:Ensuring returns for investors with revenue support .212.4Creating market visibility with a supportive policy framework.243 Key recommendations .27References .30SCALING UP INVESTMENT IN OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES4FIGURESFigure 1 Global ocean energy capacity forecast,2030 and 2050.6Figure 2 Global ocean energy potential.6Figure 3 Current ocean energy deployment.7Figure 4 Benefits of ocean energy technologies.7Figure 5 Global deployment examples and pilot projects.10Figure 6 Ocean energy costs and deployed capacity.12Figure 7 Ocean energy investment cycle.14TABLESTable 1 Proposed priority actions from relevant stakeholders to accelerate ocean energy deployment.8BOXESBox 1 Examples of grant funding and stage-gate programmes.18Box 2 Examples of public funding schemes for pre-demonstration and demonstration projects.21Box 3 Examples of funding schemes for industrial roll-out projects.23ABBREVIATIONSEIB European Investment BankEU European UnionEUR euroGBP British poundGW gigawattIRENA International Renewable Energy AgencykW kilowattLCOE levelised cost of electricityMW megawattMWh megawatt hourNDC Nationally Determined ContributionsNECP National Energy Climate PlanOEE Ocean Energy EuropeOEM original equipment manufacturerOTEC Ocean Thermal Energy ConversionPPA purchase power agreementPTC Production Tax CreditPV photovoltaicRD&D research,development and demonstrationR&D research and developmentR&I research and innovationSME small and medium enterprisesTW terawattUK United KingdomUS United StatesUSD United States dollarVRE variable renewable energyWETO World Energy Transitions Outlook 51 OCEAN ENERGY A CLEAN,PREDICTABLE AND SECURE SOURCE OF ENERGYRecent global crises have made it clear that a rapid energy transition is now more relevant than ever.Current geopolitical developments have resulted in uncertainty over the security of energy supply globally.Even as countries around the world are recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic,they face yet another challenge to ensure that the basic needs of their citizens are fulfilled.The impacts of climate change are also becoming more visible,with prolonged heatwaves,droughts,wildfires and storms harming people and ecosystems across the planet.Providing affordable energy to citizens and staying on a path to limit global temperature rise to within 1.5 degrees Celsius(C)of pre-industrial levels requires a rapid shift away from a centralised energy system that is highly dependent on fossil fuels.Orbital Marine PowerSCALING UP INVESTMENT IN OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES6Ocean energy is one of the technologies that must be scaled up for the energy system to reach full decarbonisation(IRENA,2023).With a global market potential of 350 gigawatts(GW)by 2050(Figure 1)(IRENA,2022),ocean energy can provide clean,local and predictable electricity to coastal countries and island communities around the world.Ocean energy technologies are usually categorised according to the resource they use to generate energy.Tidal stream and wave energy converters are the most mature solutions applicable across different geographies.Additional technologies exist that are able to extract energy from temperature gradients,differences in salinity concentration and the movement of ocean currents(IRENA,2020a).Figures 2 and 3 show global ocean energy potential and deployment,according to the International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA).Wave29 500 TWhTidal stream1 200 TWhSalinity gradient1 650 TWhOTEC44 000 TWhFigure 2Global ocean energy potentialSource:IRENA(2020a),based on Nihous,2007;Mrk et al.,2010;Skrmest et al.,2009;OES,2017.Global Installed Capacity(GW)02003001005040025035015020210.5353507020302050Ocean Energy Global Installed Capacity Projections IRENA WETO 2022(Outlook in 1.5oC Scenario)Figure 1Global ocean energy capacity forecast,2030 and 2050Source:IRENA(2022).Ocean energy:a clean,predictable and secure sOurce Of energy7Islands and other remote communities have a strong symbiosis and potential to integrate a“blue economy”-an ecosystem where energy harnessed from the oceans can support the decarbonisation of key marine activities such as shipping,power generation,cooling,aquaculture and water desalination(IRENA,2020b).The need to harness this marine potential is mostly the result of a scarcity of inland space in which to deploy onshore renewables,as well as the high costs of fossil fuel imports and electricity generation.As well as providing new project development spaces,the deployment of ocean energy technologies can facilitate new revenue streams and higher cash flows for territories,helping to reduce the levelised cost of electricity(LCOE)in these locations.The business case for ocean energy can be attributed to its contribution to climate change mitigation,the creation of new employment opportunities,and support for grid resilience(ETIP Ocean,2019).The benefits of ocean energy technologies are summarised in Figure 4.Others13.2 MWTidal barrage521.5 MWWave2.31 MWTidal stream10.6 MWSalinity gradient0.05 TWhOTEC0.23 MWFigure 3Current ocean energy deploymentSource:IRENA(2020a).OceanenergybeneftsProvides powerfor end-use sectorsClimate changemitigationCombine powergeneration withwater desalinationJob creation PredictableSocial acceptanceIdeal to couple withrenewable energiesOffers frm capacityFigure 4Benefits of ocean energy technologiesSource:IRENA(2020a).SCALING UP INVESTMENT IN OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES8New renewable energy technologies must be brought to market to balance grids powered by an increasing amount of low-cost variable renewable energy.Ocean energy can complement wind and solar power,bringing much-needed flexibility to the grid and securing the energy supply.Tidal stream technologies capture power from tidal currents and are influenced by the established cycles of the moon,sun and Earth,allowing greater predictability.Wave energy is complementary to wind energy;when the wind stops,wave energy continues to produce power(IRENA,2021).Ocean energy can create 680 000 direct jobs globally by 2050(OES and IEA,2017).Many of these jobs will be local and situated close to the corresponding resource,and may serve to support coastal communities that have been engaged historically in the shipbuilding,and oil and gas industries.To reach appropriate volumes and facilitate cost reductions-at industrial deployment scale-ocean energy will need to develop utility-scale projects connected to main electricity grids.Some secondary markets will still be of interest-for example,for specific designs such as aquaculture,oil and gas decarbonisation,and hydrogen production.However,these alternative applications will not be enough to provide the necessary capacity to support a sustainable energy transition within a short time horizon.Co-location with other renewable energy sources,such as offshore wind or floating photovoltaic(PV)systems,can also be applied to optimise the power production profile and the use of marine space(ETIP Ocean,2019).To reap the benefits of ocean energy,investments must be scaled up.Similarly to how wind and solar energy were brought to market,ocean energy needs clear signals from governments to provide visibility about the future market to private investors.This requires coupling a supportive financial framework with a supportive policy framework,as described in this brief.A summary of the key proposed actions and relevant stakeholders required to achieve this objective is presented in Table 1.Table 1Proposed priority actions from relevant stakeholders to accelerate ocean energy deploymentProposed actionStakeholderImplicationsEnhance the business casePolicy makersIndustriesPower system operatorsUse ocean energy to power the blue economy and couple with other offshore sectors(e.g.ports,shipping,desalination,oil and gas,etc.)Power system operatorsEnergy plannersInclude ocean energy as a predictable energy source that can integrate VRE and energy storage.Policy makersJoint tenders with other VRE installations(e.g.wave energy and offshore wind)Policy makersLocal municipalitiesPromote application on islands,coastal communities and micro gridsProject developersPolicy makersQuantify and consider additional benefits,avoided costs,externalities(e.g.job creation,climate change mitigation or security of energy supply,etc.)Ocean energy:a clean,predictable and secure sOurce Of energy9This brief emphasises the need to scale up investments in tidal stream and wave technologies,as these ocean energy technologies are closest to reaching maturity,have a greater application potential globally and are more suitable for scalability.Proposed actionStakeholderImplicationsImprove access to financial supportPolicy makersRegulatorsFinancial institutionsCreate innovative financial revenue support schemes aimed particularly at ocean energy(e.g.local investments,prizes,funding based on capacity size,funding based on Technology Readiness Level)Policy makersPromote blended finance which encourages private capital to invest in projects that benefit society and contribute to achieve sustainable development while also providing financial returns to investorsFinancial institutionsPrivate investorsInvest in ocean energy technologiesPolicy makersImprove revenue and capital support schemes across all stages of development(R&D,deployment,operation)Financial institutions(multilateral donors)Increase access to finance in developing countries and SIDSSet up and strengthen resource and site assessmentRegulatorsDevelop regulatory processes and frameworks for site assessment and identificationPolicy makersConduct effective marine spatial planning(MSP)and incorporate ocean energy on regional and national energy strategiesInclude mapped resource potential in climate and energy strategiesEnergy plannersUse advanced modelling toolsData ownersImprove access and exchange to baseline data,and address need for more dataPower system operatorsDevelopersInclude assessments of local grid capacities and requirements in site assessmentsRegulatorsProvide guidance and frameworks for environmental impact assessmentSource:IRENA(2020a).Notes:VRE=variable renewable energy;R&D=research and development;SIDS=small island developing states.Sustainable Marine foating tidal platformBay of Fundy CanadaSustainable Marine(UK/Germany)deployedtheir floating tidal platform,previously testedin Scotland and in Nova Scotia,Canada,in 2022.Located within some of the most powerful tidesin the world,the project will be expandedup to 9 MW in future years(Garanovic,202