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简易左心转流在心脏不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用.pdf
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简易 左心转流 心脏 不停 冠状动脉 旁路 移植 中的 应用
中国体外循环杂志2023年08月28日第21卷第4期 Chin J ECC Vo1.21 No.4 August 28,2023简易左心转流在心脏不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用钱晓亮,陈月,赵子牛,李建强,孙永辉,李建朝 杨雷一,程兆云 摘要:目的 总结6例危重冠心病患者在左心转流辅助下行不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术的应用经验和疗效观察。方法 回顾性分析本院在2021年2月至12月收治的6例危重冠心病患者,在全麻下经右上肺静脉-离心泵-保温装置-升主动脉插管建立左心转流行不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植手术的临床资料,通过观察辅助治疗前后的血流动力学及血气指标的变化,评价辅助效果。结果 左心转流辅助流量平均(3.20.5)L/min,辅助时间平均(8312)min,辅助后患者的血流动力学指标较辅助前显著改善,肺动脉压由(4515)mmHg下降至(2713)mmHg(P=0.039);平均动脉压由(6312)mmHg上升至(7111)mmHg(P=0.045),但脉压较辅助前降低。患者动脉血气指标无明显改变,pH、氧分压、二氧化碳分压、血糖、乳酸在辅助前后差异无统计学意义;红细胞压积值由辅助前的(0.350.01)下降至(0.310.02),有统计学差异(P=0.001)。患者在手术结束后均成功脱离左心辅助,术后ICU气管插管带管时间(8.51.9)h,ICU停留时间(1.80.9)d,均顺利出院。结论 在简易左心转流下行不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术,通过减少经过左心的血液容量负荷,避免了术中搬动心脏时血流动力学的剧烈波动,安全可行。关键词:冠状动脉旁路移植术;左心转流;体外循环Clinical application of left ventricular bypass technique in off-pump coronary artery bypass graftingQian Xiaoliang,Chen Yue,Zhao Ziniu,Li Jianqiang,Sun Yonghui,Li Jianchao,Yang Leiyi,Cheng ZhaoyunDepartment of Extracorporeal Circulation,Peoples Hospital of Henan Province,Peoples Hospital of ZhengzhouUniversity,Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Disease Hospital,Henan Zhengzhou 450003,ChinaCorresponding author:Cheng Zhaoyun,Email: Abstract:Objective To summarize the application experience and efficacy of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG)by left ventricular bypass technique in 6 patients with critical coronary heart disease.Methods A retrospective analysiswas made by the clinical data of 6 patients with critical coronary heart disease admitted in our hospital from February 2021 to December 2021.The left ventricular bypass was performed via right upper pulmonary vein-centrifugal pump-thermal insulateddevice-ascending aorta intubation under general anesthesia.The effects of left ventricular bypass technique were evaluated byobserving the changes of hemodynamics and blood gas indexes.Results The mean flow rate of left ventricular bypass was(3.20.5)L/min,and the average assistance time of left ventricular bypass was(8312)min.The hemodynamic parameters of patientsafter the assistance were significantly improved compared with those before the assistance.The pulmonary artery pressure significantly decreased from(4515)mmHg to(2713)mmHg(P=0.039),and the mean arterial pressure significantly increased from(6312)mmHg to(711)mmHg(P=0.045),but the pulse pressure was lower than that before assistant treatment.The patients arterial blood gas did not show significant changes,and there were no statistically significant differences in pH,partial oxygen pressure(PO2),partial carbon dioxide pressure(PCO2),blood glucose,and lactate before and after assisted therapy.There was no significant change in arterial blood gases.Hematocrit significantly decreased from(0.350.01)to(0.310.02)during left ventricularbypass(P=0.001).All patients were successfully withdrawal from left ventricular assist after the operation.The intubation timein ICU was(8.51.9)hours,and the ICU stay time was(1.80.9)days.All patients were discharged from hospital successfully.Conclusions The off-pump CABG under simple left ventricular bypass could reduce the volume load of the left heart and avoidDOI:10.13498/ki.chin.j.ecc.2023.04.6基金项目:河南省医学科技攻关计划(联合共建)项目(20190796)作者单位:450003 郑州,河南省人民医院 郑州大学人民医院 阜外华中心血管病医院体外循环科(钱晓亮、李建朝、杨雷一),麻醉与围术期医学科(陈月),心血管外科(赵子牛、李建强、孙永辉、程兆云)通信作者:程兆云,Email:216中国体外循环杂志2023年08月28日第21卷第4期 Chin J ECC Vo1.21 No.3 August 28,2023the violent fluctuation of hemodynamics when moving the heart during the operation,which is safe and feasible.Key words:Coronary artery bypass grafting;Left ventricular bypass;Extracorporeal circulation冠状动脉旁路移植手术(coronary artery bypassgraft,CABG)是治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的重要手段1。目前,CABG最常用的手术方式有体外循环心脏停跳下手术、非体外循环不停跳手术、体外循环辅助下不停跳手术。体外循环下完成手术无疑是最安全、完全再血管化程度最高的方式,但体外循环全身肝素化后术中出血较多,术后渗出多,且存在预充量较大,血液与异物接触导致全身炎症反应重,术后恢复慢等缺点,多数术者在心脏功能尚可耐受手术操作搬动的情况下,往往选择在非体外循环下施行手术。但对于心功能较差,冠状动脉狭窄较重,心脏不能耐受搬动的患者,是否有其他方式可能代替体外循环,但又能保证手术安全?本文总结了6例在简易左心转流下行心脏不停跳CABG的应用经验和临床效果。1资料与方法1.1收集选取本院在2021年2月至12月收治的6例危重冠心病在左心转流下行不停跳CABG手术的患者,患者均为女性,年龄(618.65)岁,体重(55.1210.1)kg。临床一般资料见表1。1.2 左心转流的安装和管理 患者全麻后,尝试搬动心脏探查靶血管情况,搬动心脏后出现血流动力学紊乱,且在解除搬动后的血压在较长时间内难以恢复至理想状态,则考虑在左心转流辅助下行CABG术。将台上无菌区肝素涂层管道两端分别连接膜肺(Trillium TM AFFINITY NT 集成 CVR 膜式氧合器,美敦力,美国)的动脉出口端和离心泵的进血口端,膜肺起保温作用无需连接气源。利用离心泵(Revolution Sorin 意大利)进血口前预置的两个三通连接输血器预充500 ml生理盐水,模拟体外膜氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)管路预充方法对环路进行预充排气2。排气完成后,静脉端与右上肺静脉插管(20#普通直头静脉插管,龙来福,江苏常州)相连接作为引流管,动脉端与升主动脉插管(22#普通动脉插管,龙来福,江苏常州)相连接作为灌注管。将离心泵、膜肺、插管连接形成闭合循环(右上肺静脉离心泵保温装置升主动脉)模式(图1)。保温装置(膜肺)连接变温水箱,调整水箱温度维持在 36.537.0之间。插管前,给予肝素1 mg/kg,活化凝血时间大于200 s后开始左心转流辅助。调整辅助流量,维持2.53.0 L/min,转速 2 2002 500 r/min。辅助期间,麻醉医生根据心脏充盈情况和心肌收缩状况,补充容量或调整血管活性药物剂量来维持血流动力学稳定,术中维持平均动脉压 7585 mmHg 之间。图1 左心转流连接示意图1.3左心转流的撤除当完成所有的吻合口操作后,检查吻合口、确定桥血流量满意和吻合口无出血后,在血流动力学稳定的前提下,缓慢降低左心转流辅助泵的流量直至停机。停机后先拔除右上肺静脉引流管,将其置入无菌生理盐水袋中,视心脏的充盈情况,用盐水置换左心转流循环管道内血液回输至患者体内。鱼精蛋白中和肝素后,即刻后拔除动脉插管,管路内残存的血液和生理盐水一并用血液回收机回收洗涤后回输患者。病例123456年龄(岁)657971817977体重(kg)475363605753LVEF(%)343935343339LVEDV(ml)164147146150186179高血压史(n)有有无有有无糖尿病史(n)无有有有有无合并PH(n)中度轻度无重度中度中度表1 患者的一般临床资料注:LVEF:左室射血分数;LVEDV:左室舒张末容积;PH:肺动脉高压217中国体外循环杂志2023年08月28日第21卷第4期 Chin J ECC Vo1.21 No.4 August 28,20231.4 观察指标 转流前/后的血压水平、肺动脉压和血气指标。2结 果6例患者的左心转流相关资料和临床结果见表2。辅助流量(3.20.5)L/min,辅助时间(8312)min,血管桥数(3.10.4)支,辅助后患者的血流动力学指标较辅助前显著改善,肺动脉压转流前后差异有统计学意义(P=0.039)。患者动脉血气指标无明显改变,pH值、氧分压、二氧化碳分压、血糖、乳酸在辅助前后差异无统计学意义;红细胞压积差异有统计学差异(P=0.001)。患者在手术结束后均成功脱离左心辅助,术后ICU气管插管带管时间(8.51.9)h,ICU停留时间(1.80.9)d,均顺利出院。辅助期间无机械装置故障发生、无管路血栓形成、无脑出血、脑梗塞、感染等并发症。均顺利出院。3讨 论CABG手术是治疗冠心病的重要手段,也是治疗的重点和核心,相较内科支架介入手术的优势在于CABG可以达到完全的再血管化。近年来,随着内科介入技术和生物材料学的发展,外科CABG手术患者有以下特点:高龄、冠脉病变支数多、血管条件差、基础疾病多(多数合并高血压、糖尿病)、心脏功能储备差3-4。结合患者的病情,选择对患者最安全、创伤最小、恢复最有利的措施一直是外科医生追求的方向和目标。非体外手术风险大,特别是对危重患者,术中一旦出现不良的心血管事件,将影响术后转归,且其达到完全的再血管化程度仍然值得商榷;体外循环手术风险相对较低,但传统体外循环管路长、预充量大,对患者的内环境影响较大,炎症反应重,直接影响危重症患者术后康复5。经左心房插管引流血液至患者的主动脉内的左心转流方式最早报道是应用于胸腹主动脉置换手术中,其特点是无需安装氧合器和回流罐装置,只需要保温装置对引流出体外的血液进行保温,防止因手术室的环境温度导致患者的体温下降。其管路相对简单,只是由离心泵、变温装置、连接管路组成。由于胸腹主动脉手术的特殊性,体外循环医生在配合此手术时只需要调整泵速进行流量管理,从而分配上、下半身的血流量。将左心转流技术应用到CABG手术中,其原理等同于人工心脏和Impella心室辅助系统6,只是将左心引流管从左心室移到右上肺静脉至右房,灌注管仍然放置于患者的升主动脉,通过减轻患者左室前负荷、右室后负荷,增强心脏的收缩功能和顺应性,维持血流动力学稳定。转流中表现为肺动脉压的下降和平均动脉压的上升,本研究结果同样显示了此特点,但由于离心泵辅助是平流灌注的原因,辅助后患者的脉压较辅助前是降低的7。相较于传统体外循环CABG手术的方式8-9,左心转流辅助的优势在于整体系统的预充量很低,普通体外循环预充总量大约1 800 ml左右,而左心转流辅助的整体预充总量仅有500 ml左右,而且所用的管道全部是ECMO系统用的肝素涂层的管道,进一步减轻了异物接触导致的机体炎症反应。本组所选择的病例均是体重较小的女性患者,血容量较少,常规体外循环技术下,往往需要使用库存红细胞,但结果显示,使用预充量较少的左心转流装置后,红细胞压积由辅助前的(0.350.01)仅下降至(0.310.02),减轻了血液稀释,避免了库存红细胞的使用。简易左心转流技术应用于不停跳CABG术仍存在一定的局限性,需要选择性的使用。一是对患者的右心功能有所依赖,左心转流辅助只能单独辅助左心,对合并严重右心功能不全者慎用;二是受插管的限制,目前引流管是利用普通的静脉插管放置在右上肺静脉且固定较为困难,插管处容易出血;三是术者在过度搬动心脏进行靶血管吻合时,左心房血流受到影响并直接影响引流和辅助效果。所以在左心转流下行CABG手术时,注意固定好插管的位置和避免过度搬动心脏10。综上所述,在左心转流辅助下行不停跳CABG术,通过减少经过左心的血液容量,避免了术中搬动心脏时血流动力学的剧烈波动,预充量少,对内环境影响小,安全可行。参考文献:1王顺奎,张万程,程兆云.体外循环与非体外循环下冠脉搭桥手术效果对比J.中西医结合心血管病电子杂志,2019,7(5):项目SBP(mmHg)CVP(mmHg)PAP(mmHg)pHPaO2(mmHg)PaCO2(mmHg)GLU(mmol/L)LAC(mmol/L)HCT辅助前631210245157.340.108894177.60.51.40.40.350.01辅助后71118427117.360.0986113987.40.31.20.20.310.02P值0.0450.2990.0390.7230.7370.6650.4200.2990.001表2 患者辅助前后血流动力学和血气值比较(n=6,xs)注:SBP:收缩压;CVP:中心静脉压;PAP:肺动脉压;PaO2:动脉氧分压;PaCO2:动脉血二氧化碳分压;GLU:血糖;LAC;血乳酸;HCT:红细胞压积;标本取自左桡动脉(下转256页)218中国体外循环杂志2023年08月28日第21卷第4期 Chin J ECC Vo1.21 No.4 August 28,202317 Antunes MJ,Barlow JB.Management of tricuspid valve 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