2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：历史学类(16套).pdf

20152015 考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：历史学类历史学类(16(16 套套)The establishment of the Third Reich influenced events in American history by starting a chain of events which culminated in war between Germany and the United States.The compete destruction of democracy，the persecution of Jews，the war on religion，the cruelty and barbarism of the Nazis，and especially the plans of Germany and her allies，Italy and Japan，for world conquest caused great indignation in this country and brought on fear of another world war.While speaking out against Hitlers atrocities，the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality.The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 prohibited trade with any belligerents or loans to them.In 1937 the President was empowered to declare an arms embargo in wars between nations at his discretion.American opinion began to change somewhat after President Roosevelts“quarantine the aggressor”speech at Chicago(1937)in which he severely criticized Hitlers policies.Germanys seizure of Austria and the Munich Pact for the partition of Czechoslovakia(1938)also aroused the American people.The conquest of Czechoslovakia in March，1939 was another rude awakening to the menace of the Third Reich.In August，1939 came the shock of the Nazi-soviet Pact and in September the attack on Poland and the outbreak of European war.The United States attempted to maintain neutrality in spite of sympathy for the democracies arrayed against the Third Reich.The Neutrality Act of 1939 repealed the arms embargo and permitted“cash and carry”exports of arms to belligerent nations.A strong national defense program was begun.A draft act was passed(1940)to strengthen the military services.A Lend Act(1941)authorized the President to sell，exchange，or lend materials to any country deemed necessary by him for the defense of the United States.Help was given to Britain by exchanging certain overage destroyers for the right to establish American bases in British territory in the Western Hemisphere.In August，1940 President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met and issued the Atlantic Charter which proclaimed the kind of a world which should be established after the war.In December，1941，Japan launched the unprovoked attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor.Immediately thereafter，Germany declared war on the United States.1.One item occurring before 1937 that the author does not mention in his list of actions that alienated the American public was A the burning of the Reichstag.B German plans for conquest.C Nazi barbarism.D the persecution of religious groups.2.The Lend-Lease Act was designed to A help the British.B strengthen the national defense of the United States.C promote the Atlantic Charter.D avenge Pearl Harbor.3.American Policy during the years 1935-1936 may be described as being A watchful.B isolationist.C peaceful.D indifferent.4.The Neutrality Act of 1939 A permitted the selling of arms to belligerent nations.B antagonized Japan.C permitted the British to trade only with the Allies.D led to Lend-Lease Act.5.We entered the war against Germany A because Germany declared war.B because Japan was an ally of Germany.C after Germany had signed the Nazi-soviet Pact.D after peaceful efforts had failed.写作方法与文章大意 文章讲述了第三帝国成立，美国由中立到宣战的一段历史。采用按年代先后进行叙述的写作手法。文章一开始就点明主题：“第三帝国的成立影响了美国历史，从一系列事情开始，最终导致德国和美国交战。”答案详解 1.A 帝国大厦焚毁，众所周知，这是纳粹希特勒精心策划的一次政治阴谋，旨在迫害德国共产党。B.德国征服计划。C.纳粹之残暴。D.迫害宗教团体。在文中都提到。见第一段第二句“民主的全面摧毁、对犹太人的迫害、摧残宗教、纳粹的残忍和野蛮，特别是德国及其盟国意、日、征服世界的计划激起美国极大愤怒，也带来了对又一次世界大战的恐惧。”2.B 加强美国国防。见第二段导数第五句“1941 年的租借法规定：总统对他认为保卫美国所需要的国家有权卖给、交换或借给他们物资。”A.帮助英国，不对。C.促进大西洋公约。大西洋公约是 1941 年 8 月，罗斯福和邱吉尔会面后的联合公告。D.报复珍珠港。是1941 年日本发起袭击的报复。3.B 与世隔绝。这在第一段第三句“美国人民虽然反对希特勒的凶残等事，他们一般还是喜欢孤立(与世隔绝的)政策和保持中立。1933 年和 1936 年的中立条约规定：禁止和交战国双方贸易和借贷。”A.观察的。C.和平的。D.不正确的。4.A 允许把武器卖给交战国。答案在第二段第六句“1939 年的中立条约取消了武器禁运，允许进行现钞交易出口武器给交战国。”B.和日本敌对。C.允许英国只能和其盟国贸易。D.导致租借条约。5.A 因为德国宣战。这在第一段已有说明。尽管希特勒坏事做尽，美国还是倾向于中立政策。第二段罗斯福在芝加哥的演讲，态度稍有改变。严厉批评希特勒的政策，但仍然以中立为主。1941 年日本袭击珍珠港，不久德国宣战，美国才不得不参战。PEOPLE，like most animals，are naturally lazy.So the ascent of mankind is something of a mystery.Humans who make their livings hunting and gathering in the traditional way do not have to put much effort into it.Farmers who rely on rain to water their crops work significantly harder，and lead shorter and unhealthier lives.But the real back-breaking，health-destroying labour is that carried out by farmers who use irrigation.Yet it was the invention of irrigation，at first sight so detrimental to its practitioners，that actually produced a sufficient surplus to feed the priests，politicians，scholars，artists and so on whose activities are collectively thought of as“civilisation”。In the past 10，000 yeas，the worlds climate has become temporarily colder and drier on several occasions.The first of these，known as the Younger Dryads，after a tundra-loving plant that thriced during it，occurred at the same time as the beginning of agriculture in northern Mesopotamis.It is widely believed that this was nor a coincidence.The drying and cooling of the YOUNGER Dryads adversely affected the food supply of hunter-gatherers.That would have created an incentive for agriculture to spread once some bright spark invented it.Why farmers then moved on to irrigation is，however，far from clear.But Harvey Weiss，of Yale University，think she knows.Dr.Weiss observes that the development of irrigation coincides with a second cool，dry period，some 8，200 years ago.His analysis of rainfall patterns in the area suggests that rainfall in agricultures upper-Mesopotamian heartland would，at this time，have falllen below the level needed to sustain farming reliably.Farmers would thus have been forced out of the area in search of other opportunities.Once again，an innovative spark was required.But it clearly occurred to some of these displaced farmers that the slow-moving waters of the lower Tigris and Euphrates，near sea level，could be diverted using canals and used to water crops，and the rest，as the clich has it，is history.So climate change helped to intensify agriculture，and thus start civilization.But an equally intriguing idea is that the spread of agriculture caused climate change.In this case，the presumed criminal is forest clearance.Most of the land cultivated by early farmers in the Middle East would have been forested.When the trees that grew there were cleared，the carbon they contained ended up in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.Moreover，one form of farmingthe cultivation of rice in waterlongged fieldsgenerates methane，in large quantities.Willianm Ruddiman，of the University of Virginia，explained that，in combination，these two phenomena had warmed the atmosphere prior to the start of the industrial era.As environmentalists are wont to observe，mankind is part of nature.These studies show just how intimate the relationship is.1.The invention of irrigation is meaningful because it could help to A alleviate farmers workload B increase agricultural production.C make planting much easier D get rid of human laziness.2.According to Dr.Weiss，the second cool and dry period eventually A changed the growing season.B spurred the use of canals.C forced the farmers to desert agriculture.D led to declining populations.3.From the first four paragraphs，we can infer that the dawn of civilization A was accompanied by hardships of human existence.B is a mystery as yet unknown to mankind.C can be attributed to the innovative sparks of ancestors.D was recorded by history books ending at that time.4.Which of the following tends to warm the climate?A To develop the irrigation system.B To promote organic agriculture.C To revert to hunting and gathering D To turn farmland back into forest.5.the text is mainly about A the relationship between climate change and civilization.B the history of global climate change.C the interaction between nature and human society.Dthe impact of the spread of agriculture.答案与解析 1.B 细节题。本题的问题是“灌溉的发明具有重要意义，因为它可能有助于”。题干中的“the invention of irrigation”出自文章第一段最后一句话中，表明本题与第一段有关。第一段提到，正是乍一看对其实践者如此有害的灌溉发明才真正生产出足够的剩余产品养活了牧师、学者、艺术家等等。这说明，原因是它增加了农业产量。B“提高农业产量”与此意符合，为正确答案。A“减轻农民的劳动强度”和C“使种植容易得多”与该段第五句话的意思相反;D“消除人类的懒惰”是针对该段第一句话设置的干扰项，但文中的信息并不能说明灌溉的发明消除了人类的懒惰，他们只是为了生计而勤劳，所以 D 与文意不符。2.B 细节题。本题的问题是“根据韦斯博士的观点，第二个寒冷、干燥的时期最终”。题干中的“Dr.Weiss”和“the second cool and dry period”出自文章第三段第二、三句话中，表明本题与第三段有关。第三段介绍了韦斯博士的观点灌溉的发展时期与大约 8，200年前的第二个寒冷、干燥时期时间吻合，接着提到了他的分析，指出，当时美索不达米亚北部农业中心地带的降雨可能减少，低于维持农业稳步发展的水平，第四段接着提到农民想到利用运河灌溉农作物的问题。这说明，韦斯博士认为，第二个寒冷、干燥的时期可能促进了运河的发展。B“促进了运河的利用”与此意符合，为正确答案。A“改变了生长季节”和D“导致人口减少”属于无中生有;C“迫使农民放弃农业”是针对第三段最后一句话设置的干扰项，文中说的是被迫离开降雨减少的地区，不是放弃农业，所以 C 与文意不符。3.A 推论题。本题的问题是“根据前面四段，我们可以推知，文明的起源”。文章第一段首先提到了灌溉的发明的意义，随后三段介绍了气候的变化导致农民生活艰难，也促进了灌溉的发展，最后一段指出，气候变化有助于强化农业的发展，进而开创文明。由此可知。文明的起源伴随的是人类生存的艰难。A“伴随着人类生存的艰难困苦”与此意符合，为正确答案。B“是人类还不知道的一个秘密”是针对第一段第二句话和第三段第一句话设置的干扰项，与文意不符;文中的信息表明，是气候的变化导致了人们生存困难，从而激发了创造灵感，说明气候的变化是关键，所以C“可能归因于祖先的创造灵感”与文意不符;D“根据历史书记载于那个时候结束”是针对第四段最后一句话设置的干扰项，明显与文意不符。4.B 细节题。本题的问题是“下面哪项往往导致气候变暖?”最后一段解释了大气升温的原因早期的农民砍伐树木可能导致树木所含的碳转化成二氧化碳进入大气，在水田里种植水稻产生了大量的甲烷，这两种现象共同导致了工业时代之前的大气升温。这说明，发展农业可能导致气候变暖。B“发展有机农业”与此意符合，为正确答案。文中的信息并没有表明灌溉与气候变暖有关系，所以A“发展灌溉系统”不对;C“回归狩猎和采摘生活”和D“退耕还林”是在保护树木，不会导致气候变暖，所以不对。5.A 主旨题。本题的问题是“本文主要是关于”。文章第一段提到，灌溉的发明促进了文明的发展，随后的段落分析指出，灌溉的发明是气候变化的结果，最后一段总结到，气候变化有助于强化农业的发展，进而开创文明。这说明，本文主要讲的是气候变化与文明的发展之间的关系。A“气候变化与文明之间的关系”是对本文内容的恰当概括，可以表达本文的主题，为正确答案。本文只是在第二、三段提到了全球气候发生的变化，而这是为了说明气候变化导致灌溉的发展所举的例子，不是本文讨论的重点，所以B“全球气候变化的历史”不能表达本文的主题;C“自然界和人类社会的交互作用”范围太广，不能表达本文的主题;D“农业发展产生的影响”只是最后一段的内容，不能表达本文的主题。To date，over 1 billion Barbie dolls have been sold.The average American girl aged between three and 11 owns a staggering ten Barbie dolls，according to Mattel，the American toy giant.An Italian or British girl owns seven;a French or German girl，five.The Barbie brand is worth some$2 billiona little ahead of Armani，just behind the Wall Street Journalmaking it the most valuable toy brand in the world，according to Interbrand，a consultancy.How is it that this impossibly proportioned，charmless toy has endured in an industry notorious for whimsical fad and fickle fashion?Part of Barbies appeal is that she has become，according to Christopher Varaste，a historian of Barbie，“the face of the American dream”。Barbie is not a mere toy，nor product category：she is an icon.Quite how she became one is hotly debated among the Barbie sorority.Some think she answers an innate girlish desire for fantasy，role-playing and dressing-up.Others believe that Mattel has simply manipulated girls aspirations to that end.Either way，wrapped up in her pouting lips and improbable figurebuxom breasts，wafer-thin waist and permanently arched feet waiting to slip into a pair of high heelsis an apparently enduring statement of aspiration and western aesthetic.She is，according to M.G.Lord，who has written a biography of Barbie，“the most potent icon of American popular culture in the late twentieth century.”Officialdom has recognised Barbies iconic status.The Americans included a Barbie doll in the 1976 bicentennial time capsule.Earlier this year，the American government buried her in a“womens health”time capsule，alongside a pair of forceps and a girdle.As an emblem of Americana she is subject to pastiche，derision and political statement.Andy Warhol made a portrait of Barbie，the Campbells soup of toy brands.An exhibition in London earlier this year displayed“Suicide Bomber Barbie”by Simon Tyszko，a British artist.Her hair was blonde，her hair ribbon red，and around her slender waist was wrapped a belt of explosives，attached to a detonator held daintily in her hand.Barbie has not colonised girls imaginations by accident.Mattel has dedicated itself to promoting Barbie as“a lifestyle，not just a toy”。In addition to selling the dolls，Mattel licenses Barbie in 30 different product categories，from furniture to make-up.A girl can sleep in Barbie pyjamas，under a Barbie duvet-cover，her head on a Barbie pillow-case，surrounded by Barbie wall-paper，and on，and on.There are Barbie conventions，fan clubs，web sites，magazines and collectors events.“Shes so much more than a character brand，”enthuses a Mattel publicity person，“shes a fashion statement，a way of life.”(449 words)1.Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A The average American girl aged between three and 11 owns 10 staggering Barbie dolls.B Wall Street Journal is the most valuable toy brand in the world.C The Barbie brand is the most valuable toy brand in the world.D The Barbie brand is worth more than$2 billion.2.How did Barbie become an icon according to the text?A Barbie has“the face of the American dream”。B She answers an innate girlish desire for fantasy，role-playing and dressing-up C It is Mattel that manipulated girls aspirations to that end.D Different people have different explanations.3.Barbies iconic status is shown in all the following EXCEPT_.A Barbie doll in the 1976 bicentennial time capsule B She was buried in a“womens health”time capsule C She is subject to pastiche，derision and political statement D Barbie has colonised girls imaginations 4.It can be inferred from the text that Mattel is_.A a man who created Barbie doll B the name of a toy manufacturer C an individual organization D a sorority 5.The best title for the text may be _.A Barbie dolls in USA B Barbies appeal C Barbies appeal and iconic status D Barbie，the most valuable toy brand 答案与解析 1.C 细节题。本题的问题是“根据本文，下面哪项说法正确?”A“3 到 11 岁的普通美国女孩都令人惊讶地拥有 10 个芭比娃娃玩具”与第一段第二句话的意思不符，文中说的是3 到 10 岁的普通美国女孩;B“华尔街期刊是世界上最有价值的杂志”与第一段第四句话的意思不符;D“芭比这个品牌值 20 多亿美元”与第一段第四句话的意思不符，文中是说值大约 20 亿美元，不是说 20 多亿美元。文章第一段提到，芭比这个品牌值大约 20 亿美元，这使得它成为世界上最有价值的玩具品牌。C“芭比这个品牌是世界上最有价值的玩具品牌”是对该句话的改写，为正确答案。2.D 细节题。本题的问题是“芭比成为世界上的一个偶像，因为”。题干中的“an i.con”出自文章第二段第二句话中，表明本题与第二段有关。第二段在解释芭比这种现象的原因时指出，有人认为芭比已经成为“美国梦想的表现”，有人认为芭比是一个偶像，有人认为芭比满足了少女对幻想、追星以及穿着打扮的天生渴望，其他人认为，墨泰尔只是巧妙地满足了少女们对那个目标的渴望。这说明，对于芭比成为一个偶像这一点，人们的观点不同。D“不同的人们有不同的解释”是对第二段的概括，为正确答案。A“芭比有美国梦想的表现”、B“她满足了少女对幻想、追星以及穿着打扮的天生渴望”和C“正是墨泰尔巧妙地满足了少女们对那个目标的渴望”都只是部分原因，不全面。3.C 细节题。本题的问题是“下面所有选项都体现了芭比的偶像地位，除了”。题干中的“iconic status出自文章第四段第一句话中，表明本题与第三段有关。第三段提到，美国人把芭比娃娃玩具放入”200 周年纪念的时代文物储放器“中，美国政府把她随同一把钳子和一个腰带一起放入一个”女性健康“时代文物储放器中;第五段提到，芭比并不是偶然俘获少女们的幻想的。这些都是芭比产生的正面效应，说明A”芭比玩具被放入 1976 年的200 周年纪念的时代文物储放器中“、B”她被放入一个女性健康时代文物储放器中“和D”芭比俘获了少女们的幻想“体现了芭比的偶像地位。第四段中间部分提到，作为美国文物的象征，芭比容易成为模仿作品，成为笑柄，成为政治声明，随后提到了有人制作的人体炸弹芭比。这是在讲芭比产生的负面结果，所以C”她容易成为模仿作品，成为笑柄，成为政治声明“不能体现芭比的偶像地位。4.B 推论题。本题的问题是“根据本文 i 可以推知，墨泰尔”。题干中的“Mattel”出自文章第一段第二句话中，表明本题与第一段有关。第一段提到墨泰尔时是说“美国玩具制 造业巨头墨泰尔”，最后一段是说“墨泰尔的一位发言人充满激情地说”。由此可知，墨泰尔应该是一家玩具制造企业的名称。B“是玩具制造商的名称”与文意符合，为正确答案。A“是一个创作芭比娃娃玩具的人”、C“是一个个体组织”和D“是一个妇女联谊会”都是对墨泰尔的错误推理，与文意不符。5.C 主旨题。本题的问题是“本文的最佳标题可能是”。文章第一段提到，芭比这个品牌已经成为世界上最有价值的玩具品牌，接着分析了导致这种吸引力的原因，随后的段落介绍了芭比的偶像地位，指出，她远不只是一个知名品牌，她是一种时尚宣言，是一种生活方式。这说明，本文主要是介绍芭比的吸引力以及偶像地位。C“芭比的吸引力与偶像地位”是对全文的概括，为正确答案。A“美国的芭比娃娃玩具”太笼统，不能恰当表达本文的主题;B“芭比的吸引力”和D“芭比，最有价值的玩具品牌”只是第一、二段的内容，比较片面，也不能表达本文的主题。Various accounts have traced the“Big Apple”expression to Depression-Era sidewalk apple vendors，a Harlem night club and a popular 1930s dance known as the“Big Apple.”One fanciful version even links the name with a notorious 19th-century procuress!In fact，it was th