2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：哲学类(12套).pdf

20152015 考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：哲学类哲学类(12(12 套套)Hidden valley looks a lot like the dozens of other camps that dot the woods of central Maine.Theres a lake，some soccer fields and horses.But the campers make the difference.Theyre all American parents who have adopted kids from China.Theyre at Hidden Valley to find bridges from their childrens old worlds to the new.Diana Becker of Montville，Maine，watches her 3-year-old daughter Mika dance to a Chinese version of“Twinkle，Twinkle Little Star.”“Her soul is Chinese，”she says，“but really shes growing up American.”Hidden Valley and a handful of other“culture camps”serving families with children from overseas reflect the huge rise in the number of foreign adoptions，from 7，093 in 1990 to 15，774 last year.Most children come from Russia(4，491last year)and China(4，206)but there are also thousands of others adopted annually from South America，Asia and Eastern Europe.After cutting through what can be miles of red tape，parents often come home to find a new dilemma.“At first you think，I need a child，”says Sandy Lachter of Washington，D.C.，who with her husband，Steve，adopted Amelia，5，from China in 1995.“Then you think，What does the child need?”The culture camps give families a place to find answers to those kinds of questions.Most grew out of local support groups;Hidden Valley was started last year by the Boston chapter of Families with Children from China，which includes 650 families.While parents address weighty issues like how to raise kids in a mixed-race family，their children just have fun riding horses，singing Chinese songs or making scallion pancakes.“My philosophy of camping is that they could be doing anything，as long as they see other Chinese kids with white parents，”says the director，Peter Kassen，whose adopted daughters Hope and Lily are 6 and 4.The camp is a continuation of language and dance classes many of the kids attend during the year.“When we rented out a theater for Mulan，it was packed，”says Stephen Chen of Boston，whose adopted daughter Lindsay is 4.Classes in Chinese language，art and calligraphy are taught by experts，like Renne Lu of the Greater Boston Chinese Cultural Center.“Our mission is to preserve the heritage，”Lu says.Kids who are veteran campers say the experience helps them understand their complex heritage.Sixteen-year-old Alex was born in India and adopted by Kathy and David Brinton of Boulder，Colo.，when he was 7.“I went through a stage where I hated India，hated everything about it，”he says.“You just couldnt mention India to me.”But after six sessions at the East India Colorado Heritage Camp，held at Snow Mountain Ranch in Estes Park，Colo.，he hopes to travel to India after he graduates from high school next year.Camp can be a learning experience for the whole family.Whitney Ning，23，a counselor for four years，says the Korea Heritage Camp helped her become closer to her parents.“They were hesitant at first，”she says，“but when they saw how much it meant to me，they became very supportive.”Sometimes the most direct route around the world is across a campfire.注(1)：本文选自 Newsweek;10/04/99，p75;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象 2004 年真题 Text 1;1.Why American parents come to Hidden Valley?AIt has a large gathering of adopted children.BParents want to find a place to exchange their ideas.CIt helps children adapt to the new culture well.DIt is a very good place for relaxation.2.Which of the following is not the advantage of the culture camp?AIt well reflects the increasing foreign adoptions.BParents can find the answers to their questions in raising the adopted children.CChildren can learn a lot in culture camp.DIt helps the adopted children have a better understanding of their complex heritage.3.The expression“miles of red tape”(Line 5，Paragraph 2)most probably means _.Aa number of choices Bmany hard journeys Ca lot of difficulties Dmost troublesome procedures 4.What is Alexs attitude toward India now?AStrong disapproval.BReserved consent.CSlight contempt DEnthusiastic support 5.Which of the following is true according to the text?AForeign adoption is a common phenomenon in America.BChildren can do whatever they want to do in the culture camp.CBoth parents and their adopted children can benefit from the culture camp.DChildren can receive best education in the culture camp.答案：CADBC In this weeks Nature，a group of zoologists led by Andrew Whiten of the University of St Andrews in Scotland and Christophe Boesch of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig，Germany，have provided that evidence.They have synthesised the results from seven chimpanzee-research centres scattered across Africa，and shown that chimps can，indeed，do more than just pass on the odd behaviour pattern here and there.Individual groups of chimps exhibit behavioural“complexes that are recognisably different from those of other groups，yet seem to have no connection with environmental or genetic differences between the groups.If that is not culture，it is difficult to think what is.The problem that confronted Dr Whiten and Dr Boesch was how to disentangle which of chimpanzees many behaviour patterns are genetically instinctive，which are learnt by individuals in isolation(and so are not cultural，because not copied from others)and which are culturally transmitted(by animals copying one another)。They solved it by standardising the reports from the research centres，and paying as much attention to what the animals in each place did not do as to what they did.Behaviour patterns found at all sites were deemed as likely to be genetic as cultural(leaf-sponging turned out to be in this category)，as were those whose absence was due to some environmental factor(fishing algae out of ponds is impossible where there are no algae to fish)。Nor were behaviour patterns that did not appear to be sporadic(digging for termites，rather than using a stick to fish for them)classified as cultural.They could just as well have been the result of individual invention，as of copying.That still left 39 behaviour patterns that were common at some sites and absent from others.Termite fishing with twigs and the mid-ribs of leaves were two.So were breaking nuts open with a hammer(which could be done in four different ways，each with its own pattern of occurrence among the sites)，and picking marrow out of the bones of hunted animals using a tool.Nor does chimpanzee culture revolve solely around food.Some chimps have developed flywhisks in the form of leaves.Others have learnt how to tickle themselves.And there is even a behaviour pattern the researchers refer to as rain dance，though it takes place in response to rain，rather than as a way of conjuring it up.The idea that these and some 30 other behaviour patterns are cultural rather than genetic was supported by the fact that particular sub-species(which differ from one another genetically)are not associated with particular behaviours.Indeed，abrupt cultural transitions often occur in the middle of sub-specific homelands.Short of developing language(and there are a few researchers who believe that chimps can also manage that)，it is hard to see what more mans closest relatives could possibly be required to do to be admitted to the culture club.注(1)：本文选自 Economist;06/19/99，p82;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象 2004 年真题 Text 3(题目顺序稍做调整);1.By“If that is not culture，it is difficult to think what is.”(Line 8，Paragraph 1)，the author means _.Ait is difficult to define what culture is Bscientists feel confused about culture Cnobody knows what the culture is Dit is nothing but culture 2.The most distinctive feature of culture is _.Acopying one another among animals Bpassing on the odd behavior among animals Clearning from one another among animals Dindividual invention by the animals 3.How does the author feel about the cultural phenomenon among the chimps?AOptimistic.BAffirmative.CCarefree.DPanicked.4.Which of the following will the scientists not regard as cultural behavior?AUsing a stick to fish for termites.BBreaking nuts open with a hammer.CMaking flywhisks in the form of leaves.DDancing a“rain dance”。5.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?AChimps can learn 37 behaviors by copying one another.BGenes and environment have no effect on the behavior of chimps.CChimps should be admitted to the culture club.DPeople are too critical of the behavior of chimps.答案：DABAC The income-tax deadline approaches and some taxpayers thoughts turn to it.Test time approaches and some students thoughts turn to it.Temptation appears and some spouses consider it.Nowadays，cheating is on the rise.“You want something you cant get by behaving within the rules，and you want it badly enough，youll do it regardless of any guilt or regret，and youre willing to run the risk of being caught.”Thats how Ladd Wheeler，psychology professor at the University of Rochester in New York，defines cheating.Cheating represents the triumph of the“Brazen Rule”over the“Golden Rule”，says Terry Pinkard，philosophy professor at Georgetown University in Washington D.C.“The Golden Rule says，Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.The Brazen Rule says，Do unto others as they would do unto you if they were in your place.”Many experts believe cheating is on the rise.“Were seeing more of the kind of person who regards the world as a series of things to be manipulated.Whether to cheat depends on whether its in the persons interest.”He does，however，see less cheating among the youngest students.Richard Dienstbier，psychology professor at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln，believes that societys attitudes account for much of the rise in cheating.“Twenty years ago，if a person cheated in college，society said：”That is extremely serious;you will be dropped for a semester if not kicked out permanently，“he says.”Nowadays，at the University of Nebraska，for example，it is the stated policy of the College of Arts and Sciences that if a student cheats on an exam，the student must receive an F on what he cheated on.That s nothing.If you re going to fail anyway，why not cheat?“Cheating is unethical，Pinkard says，whether its massive fraud or failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged.“Youre treating other people merely as a means for your own ends.Youre using people in ways they would not consent to.The cheater says，Let everybody else bear the burden，and Ill reap the benefits.”Cheaters usually try to justify their actions，says Robert Hogan，chairman of the psychology department at the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma.“They never think its their fault.”Cheaters make justifications because they want to feel good about themselves，adds Wheeler.“They dont want to label themselves as a cheater.Also，they may be anticipating the possibility of getting caught，so they work on their excuse ahead of time.”The most common justifications，psychologists say，include：“I had to do it.”“The test was unfair.”“Everybody does it，and I have to cheat to get whats rightfully mine.”“The government wastes the money anyway.”“My wife(or husband)doesnt understand me，and weve grown apart.”Cheating is most likely in situations where the stakes are high and the chances of getting caught are low，says social psychologist Lynn Kahle of the University of Oregon in Eugene.In his study，a group of freshmen were allowed to grade their own tests，while secret，pressure-sensitive paper indicated who changed answers.To raise the pressure，students were given an extremely high score as the“average”for the test and told that those who failed would go before an inquiring board of psychologists.About 46 percent of the male students changed answers;among the females，about 30 percent cheated.Everybody cheats a little，some psychologists say，while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldnt cheat under any circumstances.Despite the general rise in cheating，Pinkard sees some cause for hope：“I do find among younger students a much less tolerant attitude toward cheating.”Perhaps，he says，the upcoming generation is less spoiled than the“baby boom”students who preceded themand therefore less self-centered.“There seems to be a swing back in the culture.”1.The purpose of this passage is to_.A convince the reader that cheating is immoral B discuss the varieties of and reasons for cheating C describe how cheaters cheat D suggest how to curtail cheating 2.According to the passage，which of the following is TRUE?A It is ethical to cheat unless money is involved.B Failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged is not considered cheating.C There has been a general rise in cheating.D Most cheaters are college students.3.According to the passage，with which of the following would the author probably NOT agree?A Cheating is often the result of intense pressure.B Cheating is cheating，whether on a test or on income tax forms.C Cheating is widespread and society is too tolerant.D The Brazen Rule is a better rule than the Golden Rule.4.When a person is caught cheating，it is most likely that he_.A pretends to apologize for what he has done B pretends that he has no knowledge of what is going on C ascribes his misconduct to some external motivation D denies the fact in fearful anticipation of escaping punishment 5.Regarding the future of cheating，the author seems to be_.A depressed B optimistic C amused D bewildered 参考答案：1.B 第一段提到了各种各样的欺骗行为;但对原因的探讨贯穿整个文章。2.C 参阅最后一段第一句，从 Despite the general rise in cheating 看，的确存在欺骗现象不断增加的问题。3.D 本文对欺骗行为进行了鞭挞，作者对鼓励欺骗的厚颜无耻原则(the Brazen Rule)持批评态度。4.C 意为：将他的不良行为归因于某种外在动机。即：不承认自己内心想欺骗。参阅第五段。5.B 参阅最后一段。在作者看来，在新的一代人中，欺骗行为将减少。Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations lead to family instability.They believe that those regulations，which exclude most poor husband-and-wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC)assistance grants，contribute to the problem of family dissolution.Thus，they conclude that expanding the set of families that can eligibly get such grants would result in a marked strengthening of the low-income family structure.If all poor families could receive welfare，would the incidence of instability change markedly?The answer to this question depends on the relative importance of three types of potential welfare recipients.The first is the“cheater”the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family，but in fact disappears only when the social worker is in the neighborhood.The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father who，sensing his own inadequacy as a family supporter，leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance.There is very little evidence that these two types are significant.The third type is the unhappily married couple，who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children，because of the high costs of separation，or because of the consumption benefits of marriage.This group is large.The formation，maintenance，and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits