writing H-PartI.doc

图表作文写作要领 （1）注意总-分结构的使用。中心句概括总趋势。 总增长： 典型数据/区间：there are some fluctuations to this general trend; Within this general trend, there are some fluctuations, for example… （2）注意分水岭的描写,即把整个图表的变化趋势分成两个或三个变化阶段来整体描写。 （3）注意语言的多样化，多用同义词替代，避免重复用词。 （4）注意数据的内部逻辑关系，确定描写线索。即确定以某个数据的变化来贯彻全文。 图表作文句型总结： 1. 基本功: 叙述表格/图表(重点) (1)组成： consist of.., be made up of.., be composed of.., (2)比例： account for%, represent%, make/take up %.., 或者直接说 % of…. (3)上升(by..to…)，增加，提高： a. 普通：increase, grow, rise, expand b. 渐渐上升：climb, edge up, ascend, trend up. c. 猛增，激增：jump, surge, soar, proliferate (数量), leap, shot up d. 词组： achieve an increase in….by…to… Continue its upwards trend; trend up On the rise, on the increase. On consecutive rise: 保持连续增长 n. 名词： increase, rise, growth, expansion, ascendance渐渐增加, slight increase, rise, growth in.. bump-up(突然增加), proliferation(激增),jump, leap, surge, boom (4)减少，下降，减缓 a. 普通：decrease, fall, drop, reduce, shrink, (shrinkage) b. 逐渐变少：slide, dwindle, decline, edge down c. 骤减：collapse, slump, plummet, plunge d. 经济衰退，停顿：slump, collapse, stagnate, stagnant, stagnation, sluggish, sluggishness, slack, crisis, recession, slowdown, downturn, e. 词组： fall off, drop off, go down, continue its downward trend, trend down, on the decline, on the downturn. (5) 保持平稳，不变： Remain stable,/steady,/unchanged Level off vi 上升，或减退至平稳水平 Subside vi 减退至平稳水平 standstill n/adj 停滞不前 (6) 起伏波动： Rise and fall, fluctuate slightly/dramatically, fluctuate between….and…, a minor fluctuation, small rises and falls/fluctuations. (7)形容趋势程度 a. 剧烈，显著，明显 Dramatically, sharply, considerably, rapidly, suddenly, greatly, alarmingly, significantly, enormously, steeply, massively, incredibly, hugely, amazingly, substantially; at an alarming rate; by a wide margin. b. 缓慢/逐渐 Gradually, steadily, slightly, gently, marginally, slowly, moderately, in a moderate way, by the least amount. (8)表示倍数： a. (使)增几倍于： double, triple, quadruple【'kwɔdrupl】， b. adv.adj 几倍的，几倍地：fivefold, sixfold, sevenfold…. c. ad. 几倍：　twice, three/four/five times…. e. 几分之几： 2/3： two-thirds, etc. (at a fraction of…) (9) 比较数据as…as… a. three/four times as many. 做主语或定语成分 Eg. approx.20% more people preferred the diet cherry version and nearly three times as many preferred the diet strawberry version. b.“A + be + XX times + as +adj + as + B”。 eg. This tree is three times as tall as that one. Eg. His father is twice as old as he. c.“A + be + XXtimes + 计量形容词比较级 + than + B ” eg. The Yangtze River is almost twice longer than the Pearl River. =The Yangtze River is almost three times as long as Pearl River. Eg. The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one. d. .“A + be + 倍数 + the + 计量名词 + of + B ” eg. The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one. 新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。 e.“The + 计量名词 + of + A + be + 倍数 + that + of + B ” eg. The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one. (10) 从不同方面分析数据; in view of the turnover…., In terms of growth,…就营业额方面来说。。。，就增长方面来说； 2. 描述时间点或时间段 （1）时期泛指 :over the period XXX to XXX, over the years XXX to XXX, from XX to xx; over/during the past XX years; in the last XX years(最近X年)， over the last 15 to 20 years. in the next XX years, during a XX-year/month/week period, throughout.., all the way through, for the year..XXX. (2) 时期特指：during the same period, over the period in question, over/during the period studied, for the rest of the periods studied, in the two subsequent periods, in the following period, all the way through, (3)连续下降/上升的某个时期：it is the second/third/fourth consecutive quarter/year/month/week that XXX has fallen (4) 时间点: until, by the year XXX, since, from the year XXX, up to now, at a given moment, over the period ended on xx/ended in XX (5)年代：during the 1980s; during the 70s and 80s., 3. 开头： this graph/report describes/outlines/shows/compare… with…/suggests, 4. 总趋势句型 (1)If we look at the growth in…, we can see there is a steady increase in XX from.. to…/a rise in XX of XXX… (2)from the graph, we can see there is…./ if we taking the XX first, we can see that there is … (3)XX was on consecutive growth on the whole over the period in question (except… ) (4)XX shows a relatively steady/upward/downward trend in the last XX years. (5)XX shows a trajectory of growth/fall…. (6)xx, on the other hand, shows a different trend. (7)XXX has been growing consistently with XX in the past XX years. (8)XXX witnessed/saw some rise and fall/fluctuations over the period… (9)during the same period, XX also rose, but fluctuated greatly. (10)XX didn’t vary much and remained just over/below xx Or between..and.. (11)XX shows the same performance/trend although at level 4bn higher than imports. 5. 增长幅度、增长额 (1).., there is a rise in XX of XX/by xx%/from..to… (2)The figure shows a rise of XX within the whole period and no fluctuations are to be remarked. (3)XX rose from…to…, suffering minor fluctuations all the way through. (4)XX increased slightly/rose steadily. etc , ending the period around XX over their starting level. 6. 最大涨/跌幅，最高点，最低点 (1) XXX with the biggest increase/decrease coming between…and…, (2) It went up to the (7-year etc.) peak at….in…. / (3) The XXX peaked at.. in…./reached/hit a peak in …./peaking at… (4) The XX rose to the highest, climbed to a seven-month high, (price etc.)advanced to a record $1000 on…., (5)the XX rose/surge/climb to XXX, the highest since…. (6)骤升shot-up, surge, rocket, upsurge, uplift, proliferation soar, boom 骤降：slump, plunge, plummet(vi), nose-dive vi 5. 起始点 (1)starting off at…./from, sales will increase to.. during…, and remain stable at during…, only to decrease to… during. (2)During XXX, it started around XX in the first quarter… 6. 典型数据/区间 (1)Profits will shop up dramatically to 2,000 in 2004, from which it will go up steadily from year to year… (2)It will go down to the lowest at …in … where it will begin to pick up/rebound/ (3)From 1985 to 1997, XXX were between XX and XXX. (4)After… the XX increased/decreased significantly. (5)the xxx rose up steadily until…. (6)however, there are some fluctuations to this general/within this general trend, for example…. 7. 描写fluctuations (1)from/starting off at…, XXX increased to.. during.. and remain stable at.. during.., only to decrease to.. during… (2)XXX increased/soared from xx to XXX in… followed by a sharp drop to…in… (3)soar again, fall back to, drop back to…and then maintained this position throughout …. (4)it started around XX in xx, increased slowly to XX in.., and then fell to XXat the end of the year. (5)It stayed stable at around XX during xxx and xxx, then decreased to XXX in…,before recovering at/to XXX at the end of … 8. 对比，比例的描写 (1)倍数关系描写（见1）; (2)分数关系：one/a fifth of, 8 out of 10, at a fraction of… (3)组成：consist of, be made up of…, be composed of… (4)比例： account for.., represent, take up.., (5)对比：compared to, in comparison with…, relative to…, the ratio is…. Eg. Female executives dominate in the age group between 24 and 39, where the ratio is 42 to 10. (The first representing the number of women and latter, men ). Eg. It decreases half in group 60 to 69 where 10 women hold top position in comparison to/with 21 men. Eg. The graphs shows the number of cars per 100 people over the period 1980 to 2020 relative to the growth of the world’s population. 9. 大小的比较 (1)差：spread(差价), margin, split, difference, 差额为正/负：xxx remained positive/negative (2)占多数，a. XXX dominate in the XX group/amongst…. b. In the age range above…, XXX are in /sliding / majority. (3)超过: a. XXX exceeded/outstrippedXXX but not by the same margin, b. XXX exceeded XX by XX percent, outnumber xxx by XXX. c. exceed XX-level. With the earnings exceeding XXX. (4) 比例相等：a. an equal number of both…and… b. XXX take an equal proportion in …. (5) 从小到大描述数据：followed by Eg. 44% of our sales income came from US, followed by Europe(26%), and south America(19%) (6)排序的描写： ranked No.1/2; The second /third largest…; be in the first/second/third place. 10. 表示预测的句子; be likely to…/is expected to…./is supposed to…/is estimated to../is projected to…/will/will be 11. 叙述受访者态度 (1)XXX received XX positive responses and XX negative responses.. (2) XX people gave a positive response/comment on.. (3)Asked about…., XX people responded positively/negatively whereas XX people say sth negative about it. (4) XX of xx respondents complained about….while XX though it positively, /thought it to be satisfactory 12. Distribution (1) xx%, more than half XX, XX out of XX… (2) the respondents are almost equally divided between XXX and XX(different stances) (3)XX and xxx take a similar proportion in XX group/range 13. data and compare的中心句 (1)The company employs almost an equal number of executives of both sexes. However, there are remarkable differences depending on the age range considered. (2)The overall result of this international survey on planned IT expenditure for the next year shows significant differences between Europe and Aisa. (3)The situation in XX, however, is quite different. (4)however, the XX vary greatly on the XX… 24 I Data and Change 1. 此类报告有两个目的，呈现数据，描写变化趋势，自己的主观发挥较少或者没有发挥。不要发挥图表里不存在的内容。一般会要求呈现多个item的变化情况，可以用小标题分段。重点如下： 一、 首先把握图表的大趋势； 二、 描述重要变化点，例如sudden growth, abrupt drop, drastic shrinkage…, proliferation etc. 三、 起始点和衔接点的描述【turning point】 四、 需重点掌握的有：描写变化的句型，及以上一、二、三。 五、 条形图和线性图都一般都涉及到这种类型。 Samples 1. 销售预测： Bar Chart, 趋势，最大值，最小值，变化值 Report on Sales Forecast for next year Introduction This report sets out to outline and compare the sales forecasts for fridges, TVs, and cookers of Toller Electrical Ltd for next year. Findings The unit sales of fridges is/ARE expected to stay/remain steadily at 5,000 throughout the four quarters of next year. The sales of TVs, on the other hand, will be on consecutive rise, starting off at 5,000 in 【改为during比较好，下同 】the first quarter, jumping to 15,000 during the second and third quarter, and ending up with 20,000 in the fourth quarter. 待商榷 The sales of cookers, however, is 【因呈现的是四个季度的sales，所以此处应用are】likely to fluctuate a bit next year. The unit sales will reach 5000 in the first quarter, and rise sharply/significantly to 10,000 in the second and third quarter, then decline to 5,000 again in the fourth quarter. Conclusion The TV is expected to be the best seller of Toller Electrical Ltd next year. 参考范文； Report on Sales Forecasts for Toller Electrical Ltd The aim of this report is to compare the sales forecasts for three product areas for next year. Unit sales of fridges are likely to remain at 5,000 during all four quarters of next year. TV sales, on the other hand, will significantly increase during the second quarter from 10,000 to 15,000. Unit sales will remain at 15,000 during the third quarter and soar once again to 20,000 during the fourth quarter. Unit sales of cookers, however, are likely to fluctuate, starting off at 5,000, sales will increase to 10,000 during the second and third quarter of next year, only to decrease to 5,000 unit sales during the fourth quarter. It was concluded that TVs will be Toller Electrical Ltd’s strongest product area in the following year. NOTE; 注意表示预测的句型 2. 产量与价格变化---关联性数据 重点：changes in production and prices. Report On Wheat Production and Prices This report summarizes the changes in production and prices over a ten-year period from 1990 to 2000. From the chart we can see there was a steady growth in wheat production over the given period. Starting off at around 0.8 million tones in 1990, the yearly output rose to almost 1.5 million tones five years later, and exceeded 2-million-tonne level in 2000. The average price of wheat, on the other hand, fluctuated a bit over the same period. From around 1300 per tone in 1990, it shot up quickly in 1995, peaking at around 3000 per tone. However it dropped back to around 2000 per tone in 2000. To conclude, it shows that the total output of wheat is not the sole factor deciding the trend of price. 特点：柱状图，趋势明显，数据少。比较简单。 3. 客户投诉与列车准时率与可靠性---关联数据 准时率、可靠性与顾客投诉。 数据不多，可考虑逐年描写。 Report; XX train operator This report summarizes the changes that took place in reliability, punctuality and the number of complaints received during a 12-week period, which was divided further into three sub-periods. From the graph we can see about 97% of the timetabled trains were running during the first four weeks. The percentage rose to 100% from the fifth week onwards and remained stable for the rest of the periods studied. Conversely, the punctuality percentage was declining consecutively over the given period. From 95% at the outset, it edged down in the two subsequent periods and hit the lowest at around 90% in the last three weeks. The number of complaints per 100,000 passenger journeys remained stable at 200 in the first four weeks and even dropped slightly in the following period, probably owing to the rise of reliability. However, during the last 4 weeks, it went up again to an all time high at around 225. To conclude, it is clear the punctuality has significant influence on the number of complaints received. NOTE; 注意描写区间的词 For the rest of the periods studied/in question In the two subsequent periods In the following period. 4. 乘客收益与准时率---关联性数据 典型数据：revenue peak: 2n of 2006, on-time 骤降：2-3 quarters Report on passenger revenue and on-time rate of trains of Cruiseline This graph describes changes of the passenger revenue and the on-time percentage of trains of Cuiseline over the period 2005 to 2006. From the graph we can see the on-time percentage of trains remained relatively stale between 85% and 90% before the second quarter of 2006. Over the same period, the passenger revenue was on consecutive rise on the whole except a slight drop in the last quarter of 2005. Starting off at about 280 m, it climbed to a peak at 330 million by the second quarter of 2006. However, as the on-time rate nose-dived precipitately to around 70% in the third quarter in 2006, the revenue dropped consistently from 330 m to 65 m, the largest decrease over the period in question. Although the punctuality rate rebounded gradually to 75% later, the revenue still kept declining and reached its two-year lowest at 65 m at the end of 2006. It is concluded that the punctuality of trains has a significant effect on the passenger revenue. Band 4 sample Report: Cruseline train company The graph shows the passenger revenue and the percentage of trains arriving on time during the y