知识讲解-高考总复习：构词法.doc

高考总复习：构词法 真题再现 1. About twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film-studio(影棚)to take part in a crowd-scene. crowd-scene为复合词，是crowed（群众，人群）和scene（场面，现场）两个词的组合，意为“有很多群众的大场景”。 2. Very soon, bright lights were turned on and the big movie-camera was wheeled into position. movie-camera为复合词，意为“电影摄影机”，是movie（电影）和camera（相机）词义的组合，意为“制作电影用的照相机”。 3. The way it was filmed was quite unusual. 学生最熟悉的film的词义是名词，意为“影片；电影；胶片”，而在文中用到的是动词含义，“把……拍摄成电影、电视等”，属于词义转化，从名词转化为动词。 4. Life became worse after breakfast. Mike wore Randy’s underwear on his head. Randy locked himself in the bathroom, while Alex shouted again because he was going to wet his pants. underwear为复合词，意为“内衣”，是under（在……下面）和wear（穿着；穿戴物）含义的组合。学生熟悉wet形容词词性，“湿的；下雨的”，在句中用作动词，意为“把……弄湿”，为词义转化。 5. I had enough savings to take a year off work, and I decided to try to satisfy a deep-down wish to write a novel. deep-down为复合词，意为“根深蒂固的，心底的”，是deep（深的）和down（下面，向下）含义的组合。 6. It takes confidence to make a new start — there’s a dark period in-between where you’re neither one thing nor the other. in-between为复合词，在句中意为“中间的”，是in和between含义的组合。 7. ...where I now have my own name on a contract（合同）of the publisher — to be a published writer — is unbelievably rewarding有回报的. unbelievably为派生词，是由believe加上前缀un-和后缀-able，并转化为副词而成，意为“难以置信地”。rewarding也是派生词，由reward加上后缀-ing构成形容词，意为“有回报的”。 8. In my 14 years of teaching in a New York City public middle school, I've taught kids with imprisoned parents, abusive parents, irresponsible parents; imprisoned为派生词，由prison加上前缀im-和后缀-ed构成的形容词，意为“被投入监禁的”；abusive为派生词，分别由abuse（滥用，恶习）加上后缀-ive构成，意为“骂人的；滥用的；虐待的”；irresponsible也是派生词，意为“不负责任的”。 9. For the last seven years, I have worked as a reading enrichment teacher... enrichment为派生词，是rich加上前缀en-和后缀-ment构成，意为“丰富；改进；肥沃；浓缩”。 10. I originally proposed this idea to my headmaster after learning that a former excellent student of mine had transferred out of a selective high school--one that often attracts the literary-minded children of Manhattan's upper classes—into a less competitive setting. selective, competitive为派生词，分别意为“精心挑选的”、“竞争的”，都是由词根加上形容词后缀构成。literary-minded为复合形容词，意为“富有文学思维的”，是literary和minded词义相加而来。 11. I thought additional “cultural capital” could help students like her develop better in high school, where they would unavoidably meet... unavoidably为派生词，由avoid（避免）加上前缀否定前缀un-以及后缀-able，再转化为副词形式构成，意为“不可避免地”。 12. “ I grew up on a hundred-acre farm and had only cats 37 playmates,”... hundred-acre为复合形容词，意为“一百英亩的”；playmates为复合名词，意为“玩伴，游戏的伙伴”。 知识讲解 随着新课改的推进，大纲对学生的词汇量要求越来越高，熟练构词法的规律对于快速掌握大量单词有很大的帮助，在考卷中也出现了大量的复合词。近几年高考阅读理解中，用构词法知识（合成、转化、派生）的词呈上升趋势，特别派生词。大多数学生对于后缀比较熟悉，但是当前缀或者前后缀都有时，就感觉比较陌生，因而造成理解障碍。我们可以依靠构词法知识，通过生词的词形结构猜测词义。 构词法主要有合成法、转化法、派生法和缩略法四种。掌握构词法是迅速扩大词汇量的重要方法之一。 合成法 合成法就是指由两个或两个以上的单词合成的词。这种构词方式主要有两种：复合法、结合法。合成法主要是构成合成名词和合成形容词。blackboard和darkroom都是形容词和名词形成的结构，writing desk是动名词和名词形式的结构。 合成名词 【高清课堂：构词法 链接点：合成法】 名词+名词：air conditioner, alarm clock, bank account, bus stop, book case, credit card, generation gap, health center, sign language, telephone number, blood pressure, heart attack, pocket money, post office, table tennis 形容词+名词：central park, higher education, musical instrument, natural resources, open air, civil rights, fast food, high school, human rights, natural history, remote control, yellow pages 动词的-ing形式+名词：dining room, driving license, sleeping bag, swimming pool, washing machine, window-shopping, sightseeing, zebra crossing 其他：by-product, looker-on, passer-by, pickpocket, breakthrough, go-between, forget-me-not, editor-in-chief, get-together 合成形容词 包含-ed 的：absent-minded, broken-hearted, good-tempered, home-made, cold-blooded, grey-haired, high-heeled, so-called, short-sighted, middle-aged 包含-ing的：never-ending, record-breaking, good-looking, hard-working, mouth-watering 形容词和名词的组合：front-page, one-way, second-hand, first-class, top-secret, brand-new, duty-free, world-famous 其他：drive-in, see-through, outdoor, off-campus, all-out, all-round, face-to-face, ten-minute, well-off, two-year-old ■ 合成副词 形容词＋名词：sometimes, meanwhile，hotfoot（匆忙地） 副词＋名词：oftentimes, indoors, outdoors, overhead 介词＋名词：alongside, beforehand 名词＋形容词：skyhigh, stonestill, 副词＋介词：nearby, upalong, 副词＋副词however尽管如此 合成动词 名词＋动词：overhear, underline，sleep-walk，moonwalk 形容词＋动词：white-wash, safeguard 副词＋动词overwhelm 其它合成词 合成代词：everybody, everyone, everything, anyone, anybody, anything 合成介词：outside, inside, throughout 转化法 把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。由于词类转化的结果，英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词，即同形异类词。转化主要有如下几种类型。 动词转化为名词 (有时意思没有太大变化) He tried a hard try. He laughed a hearty laugh. He gave the girl a kiss. He fought a hard fight. Can I have a read of your paper? She had a cry about the sad news. She closed her eyes and wished a wish. He smiled a friendly smile and bowed a little bow. She slept a peaceful/ sound sleep and dreamed a happy dream. 名词转化为动词 有些词，本属名词，但在现在英语中，却越来越多地用做动词，这就是名词的动词化。名词动词化后，常常表示具有该名词活动特点、性质特征的动作，既精炼又生动。这类名词有如下几类： 1. 人体部位词head, face, hand, eye, shoulder, elbow, stomach, thumb, leg, tiptoe, nose, back, ear, mouth, foot等 He will head a firm. He fingered his eyes. The sick man couldn’t even stomach liquids. The spokesman mouthed his words carefully. 2.地点处所词room, house, corner, ground, dam, floor, bridge等 It houses more books than any other university library. They cornered the thief and caught him. 3.时间季节词summer, winter, weekend, breakfast, lunch等 He summered in a temple in the mountain. The shepherd wintered his sheep in the valley. She usually breakfasts at seven a.m. 4.用品物件词pencil, pen, pocket, veil, glass, machine, gun, sandwich等 The paint coated the wall. The government tabled a motion. The hall can seat five hundred people. I have booked a ticket for the concert. The old man hammered a nail into the wall. 5.身份职务词master, partner, dwarf, pioneer, volunteer, nurse, pilot, spy, mother, father, doctor, host, man, soldier, officer等 Don’t brother me. Dick used to partner Mary. Einstein fathered relativity. She nursed the patient back to health. 6.通讯交通词bus, truck, wheel, radio, train等 Let’s wheel the rubbish to the dump. I urgently radioed the information back to headquarters. 7. 动物名称词snake, dog, worm, duck等等、 Jack isn’t ill. He’s just foxing. The old man saw some children horsing about in the snow. 其他词转化为动词 形容词转化为动词： The city quieted down again. We must lower our expenses. Don’t dirty your new dress. He pretends to busy himself writing. 少数其他词类也可用做动词： Truth will out. This will help to further the sciences. 有些形容词可以转化为名词 The temperature reached a new high. I enjoy the quiet of the country. This was a custom among the ancients. They kept indoors in the dead of winter. 有些形容词可以转化为副词： He sells his goods very dear. The blow struck him full in the face. Come closer so that I can see you. You can live cheaper in the smaller towns. 一些其他转化情况： He walked north. 名→副 I’ll drive you home. 名→副 The future is full of ifs. 连→名 She was a very forward young lady. 副→形 They asked him to give a repeat performance. 动→形 She paled when we told her the news. 形→动 Don’t ask the whys. 连→名 During the war we had to black out all our windows. 形→动 派生法 派生法又叫词缀法，即在一个单词前或其后加上词缀，构成新的单词。中学英语中以派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25％。一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性，后缀往往改变词性。 否定前缀: 表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。 un +形容词：unfit, unhappy, unfair, unlucky, unfortunate, unkind, unimportant, unnecessary, uncomfortable, unselfish, unusual, uncommon, unexpected, unknown, unthinkable, unbelievable, unseen, unforgettable, unwise, unhealthy, unpleasant, unable, untrue 由un＋形容词构成的词除了unknown, unseen, unfit等词之外，其它词都可变为加-ly的副词（个别形容词尾需要变动）。 un+副词：undoubtedly, unexpectedly, unfortunately, unusually, unhappily, unluckily un＋动词：uncover, untie, unlock, undress, undo, unpack im＋形容词：impossible, impolite in＋形容词：incorrect, incomplete, invisible, independent ir＋形容词：irregular mis＋动词：misspell, misunderstand, mistake dis＋名词：dishonour, disease, discomfort dis＋形容词：dishonest, discouraged dis＋动词：disappear, dislike, discover, disclose, disagree, discomfort, dismiss 表示其他意义的前缀： 常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。 a-，大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词，表示“在……之上、向……、处于……状态”：ahead, abroad, aside, alive, awake, above, about等。 fore-，表示“在……前面”：forehead, foreground, forearm, foreleg in, il, im, ir表示“向……内，在……内”：inside, include, import inter-，表示“在……间、相互”：international intro-，表示“在（向）……内”：introduce out-，表示“向外”：outside, outlook, outdoors, outflow over-，表示“在上面的、在外的”：overhead, overlook, overcoat, overcome, overtime, overgrow pre-，表示“在前”：prefix, preposition pro-，表示“在（向）前”：progress, programme sur-，表示“在……上”：surface, surround trans-，表示“转移”：translate under-，表示“在……下”：underground, underline up-，表示“向上”：upward, upset, upstairs be-，表示“在，靠近”：before, behind, below, between, beyond ex-，表示“向外，从……出来”：exchange, export tele-，表示“远”：telephone, television, telegram, telegraph fore-，表示“在前，预先”：foreword, foresight, foretell mid-，表示“中间”：midnight, midsummer, mid-autumn post-，表示“在……后”：postwar, postlistening re-，表示“重复”：review, retell, rewrite, replace, return, rebuild extra-，表示“格外、超越”：extraordinary over-，表示“超过”： overcome, overeat, overpass super-，表示“极、超”：supermarket, superpower, superman, superpower auto-，表示“自动”：automobile, autobiography micro-，表示“微小”：microscope, Microsoft, microcomputer bi-，表示“数量”：biweekly, bicycle, bimonthly mini-，表示“小型”：minibus, miniskirt, mini-factory, mini-market 表示共同、相等关系 com-（在b, m, p前），col-，con-，cor-（com在g, l, r及其它辅音前）：company, connect, correct co-：cooperate, coexist 表示整个、完全关系 over-：overall, overflow, overfall 表示“离、离开” a-：arise, away, apart de-：depart, dewater, decolour 变换词类作用的前缀 en-／em-：enable, enlarge, enrich, enclose, empower 构成名词的后缀：常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。 differ不同于→difference区别 write写→writer作家 China中国→Chinese中国人 act表演→actress女演员 music音乐→musician音乐家 构成动词的后缀：常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。 wide→widen加宽 beauty→beautify美化 pure→purify提纯 real→realize意识到 organ→organize组织 sharp→sharpen使变锋利 构成形容词的后缀：常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如： nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的 America美国→American美国的 China中国→Chinese中国人的 gold金子→golden金的 east东→eastern东方的 child孩子→childish孩子气的 snow雪→snowy雪的 构成副词的常用后缀: 有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如： angry生气的→angrily生气地 to到→towards朝……，向…… east东方→eastward向东 (5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。 six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六 four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十 缩略法 将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为缩略法，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。 截头：telephone→phone；airplane→plane 去尾：mathematics→maths；examination→exam；kilogram→kilo；laboratory→lab；taxicab→taxi 截头去尾：influenza→flu；refrigerator→fridge；prescription→script 混合法 英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词，前半部分表属性，后半部分表主体。这样的英语构词法就是混合法。 news broadcast→newscast新闻广播；television broadcast→telecast电视播送 smoke and fog→smog烟雾；photo and graphy→photography摄影，摄影术 helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场 首尾字母缩略法 用单词首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法叫做首尾字母缩略法。这种形式的英语构词生成的新词，读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。 Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福 Teach English as a Foreign Language→TEFL作为外语的英语教学 Teach English as a Second Language→TESL作为第二语言的英语教学 Graduate Record Examination→GRE美国研究生入学考试