MHE_Rdg_Wonders_LvRdr_G6_Approach_U6W4_29.pdf

PAIREDREADThe GameBY MARIA GILLExpository TextTHEANCIENT CITY OF URProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60CV_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 2CV_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 26/03/12 11:55 AM6/03/12 11:55 AMSTRATEGIES&SKILLSAPhotography Credit:DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini/Getty Images*The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only.Numerals and words in captions,labels,diagrams,charts,and sidebars are not included.ComprehensionStrategy:SummarizeSkill:SequenceVocabulary StrategyGreek RootsVocabularybedrock,embarked,excavations,exquisite,intriguing,intrinsic,methodical,meticulouslyContent StandardsSocial StudiesGeographyWord Count:1,931*Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,including,but not limited to,network storage or transmission,or broadcast for distance learning.Send all inquiries to:McGraw-Hill EducationTwo Penn PlazaNew York,New York 10121ISBN:978-0-02-119205-2MHID:0-02-119205-7Printed in the United States.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC 15 14 13 12 11 10IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 2IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 26/03/12 10:26 AM6/03/12 10:26 AMPAIREDREADEssential QuestionWhat can scientists reveal about ancient civilizations?Introduction .2Chapter 1Discovering a City.4Chapter 2An Advanced Civilization .8Chapter 3The Graves.12Conclusion.16Respond to Reading.18The Game.19Glossary.22Index.23Focus on Social Studies.24THE?CIENT CITY OF URBY MARIA GILLProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 1001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 16/03/12 11:56 AM6/03/12 11:56 AMIRAQEuphrates River URBaghdadBasrahTigrisRiver SYRIASAUDI ARABIAIRANTUTUTUTUTUTUTUTUTU U UTUTUTUTUTUTUTUTUT R R R R RKRKRKRKRKRKRKRKRKR RKRKRKRKRKRKRK KEYEYE EYE EY Y Y Y Y YEYEYE EYEY YEYEYEYEYEYEYEKU U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U UWWWWWWWWWWWWWAWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW ITPERSIAN GULFNSWEIn 1922,an archaeologist named Leonard Woolley embarked on a journey to southern Iraq.The British Museum sent him to study a large mound in the desert.It contained the ruins of a building called a ziggurat.The ziggurat had been built centuries before.At the time it was built,the area was called Sumer.The ziggurat was an important site in the city-state of Ur.It is known as the Great Ziggurat of Ur.During his excavations,Woolley discovered that Ur had been located beside the Euphrates River.When the ziggurat was discovered,the river was 10 miles(16 kilometers)away.Civilizations near rivers often flourish.This is because people can irrigate crops.People can also use the waterways for transportation,so they can trade goods in a wider area.INTRODUCTIONIRANUr was located near the mouth of the Euphrates River.Today the river is about 10 miles from Ur.MODERN-DAY IRAQ2Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Mountain High Maps/Digital Wisdom001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 2001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 26/03/12 11:56 AM6/03/12 11:56 AMWoolley and his team dug two large trenches near the ziggurat.In the first trench,they discovered evidence of graves and gold.Woolley knew that he and his team of workers were too inexperienced to carry out a successful excavation at that time.They didnt touch the site again until 1927.By then,the team had learned the necessary skills from working on other sites.In the second trench,they found the ruins of a large wall and several buildings.It was one of the most exciting archaeological finds of the twentieth century.The Great Ziggurat of Ur is one of Iraqs most important heritage sites.3Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60(bkgd)Aaron Roeth Photography,(b)courtesy of The Gertrude Bell Archive,Newcastle University,UK001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 3001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 36/03/12 11:56 AM6/03/12 11:56 AMCHAPTER 1DISCOVERING A CITYZIGGURATSThe Great Ziggurat of Ur is the best-preserved ziggurat in Iraq.Ziggurats were part of temple complexes,which were also the business centers of cities.No one knows the exact purpose of these buildings.The people who lived in the area believed that the gods came from the mountains.Maybe the ziggurats were built to look like mountains.Or maybe the temples were high so the gods could easily come to Earth.In 1923,Woolley and the workers had to meticulously clear away tons of rubble to uncover the ziggurat.The interior was constructed with sunbaked clay bricks.The ziggurats outer layer of bricks had been baked by fire and sealed with a tar-like substance.This protected the building from floodwaters.THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF URThe ziggurat consisted of a large platform with two smaller platforms on top.There were brick staircases between the levels.On the top level,there once would have been a temple.However,no ruins of the temple remained.Woolley discovered that none of the walls were straight.The walls sloped slightly inward.This made the structure look very strong.Woolley believed that the sophisticated design was evidence of a very advanced civilization.4Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 4001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 46/03/12 11:56 AM6/03/12 11:56 AMTHE FIRST TEMPLEA small building was uncovered near the ziggurat.Writing on the bricks showed that the building was a sacred temple called E-nun-mah.The temple honored Nannar,the moon god.The floors of the temple were rebuilt between 559 and 530 B.C.E.The walls were built long before that:between 2200 and 2100 B.C.E.This made Woolley think that there might be another level below the floor.His workers dug below the bricks.They found a treasure of gold beads,earrings,and pendants.King Ur-Nammu built the temple of E-nun-mah.5Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60(bkgd)Aaron Roeth Photography(b)Library of Congress/American Colony(Jerusalem),Photo Dept.001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 5001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 56/03/12 11:56 AM6/03/12 11:56 AMTHE HIGH PRIESTESSTwo more buildings were uncovered near E-nun-mah.One was named E-dub-lal-mah.This building contained a shrine in which priestesses worshipped Nannar.The other building was called E-gi-par.It was the residence of the daughter of King Nabonidus.She was a high priestess.These buildings were built just before 2000 B.C.E.The archaeologists discovered some clay tablets.A teacher had written a sentence on one side.On the other side,a student had tried to copy the sentence.Another tablet looked like a spelling book.It contained words all beginning with the same syllable.It was labeled“the property of the boys class.”Woolley believed that the high priestess had taught lessons in those rooms.Benches,altars,and tables were found in the excavations.Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:606DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini/Getty Images001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 6001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 66/03/12 11:56 AM6/03/12 11:56 AMIn the shrine in E-dub-lal-mah,the archaeologists found a statue inscribed with the name of King Dungi.He was the son of Ur-Nammu,who reigned from 2094 to 2047 B.C.E.The team also found a stone weapon that was older than the statue of King Dungi,and clay tablets from 2000 B.C.E.Woolley wondered why objects from different time periods were together in one place.Some clay cylinders that were etched with script gave the answer to this intriguing puzzle.They were labels that described the objects in the room.Woolley realized that the room was a museum.The objects in it were collected and exhibited by the high priestess.The clay cylinders were labels from the worlds oldest known museum.STOP AND CHECKWho did the inhabitants of Ur worship?Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:607(bkgd)Aaron Roeth Photography,(b)Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington,D.C.20540 USA001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 7001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 76/03/12 11:56 AM6/03/12 11:56 AMCHAPTER 2AN ADVANCED CIVILIZATIONWoolley guided each excavation carefully.Woolleys excavations revealed many interesting features of Sumerian civilization.CITY OF TREESWoolley found tall,narrow slits in the walls of the first level of the ziggurat.Near the ziggurat was a building that had been damaged by tree branches.Trees couldnt have grown in the building because it had a roof.Woolley realized that the only place trees could have grown was on the ziggurats platforms.The slits had probably been part of an irrigation system to water the trees.Woolley also found signs that the people of Ur had irrigated crops using canals and dams.The water came from the Euphrates River.The canals also helped protect the land from flood damage.Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:608DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini/Getty Images001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 8001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 86/03/12 11:56 AM6/03/12 11:56 AMTRADING ALONG THE RIVERWoolley discovered that the people of Ur manufactured goods and transported them along the river.Trade transactions and sales and leases of land and property were recorded on clay tablets.Woolley found exquisite headdresses and jewelry made from gold and semiprecious stones such as lapis lazuli.Some of these gemstones were not available in Ur.The people of Ur must have traded for them.These discoveries again suggested that Ur was an advanced civilization.This piece of the Stele of Ur-Nammu shows the god Nannar seated on a throne.9Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60(bkgd)Aaron Roeth Photography,(b)World History Archive/Alamy 001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 9001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 96/03/12 11:56 AM6/03/12 11:56 AMCLUES IN CLAYKing Ur-Nammu began building the ziggurat during the Third Dynasty(about 2112 to 2004 B.C.E.).His son,King Dungi,and other kings built onto it and remodeled the ruins.In about 600 B.C.E.,a 6-foot-high mud brick wall was built.It was called the Temenos Wall,and it circled the sacred buildings.This information was inscribed on cylinders of baked clay.The names of the royal family members and the purpose of the rooms were also inscribed in clay.Inscribed tablets were made by scratching wet clay with a blunt reed.The tablets were then baked in the sun.Inscribed bricks can give archaeologists useful information.10Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Charles&Josette Lenars/CORBIS010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 10010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 106/03/12 1:13 PM6/03/12 1:13 PMCuneiform is probably one of the oldest written languages.It first appeared in Sumer more than 5,000 years ago.Cuneiform used pictographs,or pictures,that each represent an object or idea.Cifib blf hldilHOW CUNEIFORM DEVELOPED NameEarliest Outline CharactersArchaic CuneiformLate BabylonianPictograph4500 B.C.E.2500 B.C.E.500 B.C.E.DayHandBirdFishThe people of Ur wrote in an ancient script called cuneiform.The word cuneiform comes from the Latin word cuneus,meaning“wedge.”The blunt reeds made a wedge shape on the clay tablets.A language expert deciphered the writing.Cuneiform had first been translated in 1857,but even in the 1920s,few people could read it.STOP AND CHECKFor what was water from the Euphrates River used?11Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60(bkgd)Aaron Roeth Photography010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 11010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 116/03/12 1:13 PM6/03/12 1:13 PMCHAPTER 3 THE GRAVESBy 1927,Woolleys team had improved their excavation skills.They knew how to uncover archaeological remains without changing the position of the remains in the ground.This meant that they were ready to excavate the graves they had found in 1922.COMMONERS GRAVESThe workers first found hundreds of commoners graves.The commoners were the local village people.A thin line of white powder marked each grave.The powder was the remains of a reed mat that had lined the grave.Graves often contained jewelry,tools,or inscribed cylinder seals.Sometimes the graves also contained offerings to the dead.These offerings included food,drink,weapons,or tools.12Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 12010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 126/03/12 1:13 PM6/03/12 1:13 PMThis helmet in Prince Mes-kalam-dugs grave was made from beaten gold.Prince Mes-kalam-dugs grave contained tools,bowls,and weapons made from copper and gold.Inside the coffin was a silver belt with a gold dagger,along with hundreds of lapis lazuli and gold beads.There was also a gold headdress,a gold helmet,and lots of jewelry.In the princes hands was a heavy gold bowl.PRINCE MES-KALAM-DUG S TREASURES ince grave beaten gold.y gIn March 1927,the workers found a large pit under many graves.The bottom of the pit was lined with limestone.Woolley was surprised because the builders would have had to travel more than 30 miles(50 kilometers)to get the limestone.Why would they go to so much trouble?The team saw the answer in a two-room stone structure attached to the pit.A ramp cut into the bedrock led from the structure to a tomb,which had been built for royalty.13Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60(bkgd)Aaron Roeth Photography,(b)The Granger Collection,NYC010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 13010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 136/03/12 1:13 PM6/03/12 1:13 PMA SURPRISING DISCOVERY By early 1928,the workers had dug 26 feet below the surface of the ground.Here they found a shaft formed by mud bricks.Below the shaft was a pit,with another pit below it.The lowest pit measured 27 feet by 24 feet across.This pit contained the bodies of 6 men and 68 women.The bodies were laid out in rows across the floor.Woolley called this the Great Death Pit.This reconstruction shows people and animals walking into the burial shaft.14Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60The Trustees of the British Museum010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 14010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_A_119205.indd 146/03/12 1:13 PM6/03/12 1:13 PMWoolley believed the bodies were attendants to royalty.The attendants may have considered it a privilege to die with their rulers.However,Woolley did not find a royal tomb chamber connected to the Great Death Pit.Maybe grave robbers had taken the royal bodies and treasure.Because limestone was scarce,the robbers probably also took the tomb itself.TREASURES FROM THE ROYAL TOMBS OF URThis s