MHE_Rdg_Wonders_LvRdr_G6_On-Level_U3W4_14.pdf

PAIREDREADA Fair Dealby Jane KelleyBiographyby Jane Kellby Jane Kby JK llBeyond Beyond ExpectationExpectationProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60CV_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 3CV_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 39/02/12 10:51 AM9/02/12 10:51 AMSTRATEGIES&SKILLSAPhotography Credit:(bkgd)Image Source/Age Fotostock,Shelley Gazin/CORBIS*The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only.Numerals and words in captions,labels,diagrams,charts,and sidebars are not included.Word Count:2,203*ComprehensionStrategy:SummarizeSkill:Cause andEffectVocabulary StrategyParagraph CluesVocabularyadept,aristocracy,collective,perseverance,prevail,prominent,spectators,trailblazerContent StandardsSocial Studies HistoryProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,including,but not limited to,network storage or transmission,or broadcast for distance learning.Send all inquiries to:McGraw-Hill EducationTwo Penn PlazaNew York,New York 10121ISBN:978-0-02-118652-5MHID:0-02-118652-9Printed in the United States.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC 15 14 13 12 11 10IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 2IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 29/02/12 10:52 AM9/02/12 10:52 AMPAIREDREADIntroduction .2 Chapter 1Against the Odds .4Chapter 2The Will to Succeed.7Chapter 3The Escalante Program.11Conclusion.14Respond to Reading.15A Fair Deal .16Glossary/Index.19Focus on Social Studies .20Essential QuestionHow can one person affect the opinions of others?by Jane Kelleyby Jane KelleyBeyond Beyond ExpectationExpectationProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60(bkgd)Image Source/Age Fotostock001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 1001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 19/02/12 10:56 AM9/02/12 10:56 AMJaime Escalante was proud of the students in his math class at Garfield High School in East Los Angeles in 1982.All 18 of his seniors had taken the tough Advanced Placement(AP)calculus exam,and now they were waiting for the results.From the start,he had challenged his students to work toward a big goal.Calculus was the hardest math class a high school student could take,and for the past three years,Escalantes students had worked hard to master it.Students who pass AP calculus tests gain entry to a kind of college aristocracy.They are near the top of the list for admission to a good college and winning a scholarship.The calculus test is so hard that only 2 to 3 percent of all high school seniors who are planning to go to college attempt it.Escalantes students at Garfield High did not start out with any expectations.All their lives,theyd been told that kids like them dont do well at school.Kids like them dont go to college.Kids like them dont get good jobs.Luckily for them,Jaime Escalante taught them that they could.Jaime Escalantes formula for teaching math proved to students that they could succeed if they worked hard.IntroductionIntroduction2Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60(bkgd)Image Source/Age Fotostock001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 2001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 29/02/12 10:56 AM9/02/12 10:56 AMWhen all 18 of Escalantes students passed the AP test that year,he was proud but not surprised.A sign in his classroom read:DETERMINATION+DISCIPLINE+HARD WORK=SUCCESS.Escalante lived his whole life by that principle.He taught it to his students too.Theyd shown that by sticking with the program,they could succeed.Math problems and tough circumstances werent all that the students had to conquer.It turned out they would also have to go up against the sponsor of the test,the Educational Testing Service(ETS).Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:603(bkgd)Image Source/Age Fotostock,(b)Associated Press001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 3001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 39/02/12 10:56 AM9/02/12 10:56 AMAgainst the OddsAgainst the OddsJaime Escalante was born on December 31,1930.He grew up in a rural part of Bolivia near Lake Titicaca.His parents were teachers who gave their son a great respect for the power of education.Escalante enrolled at Bolivias state teachers college,where he met his wife,Fabiola Tapia.Fabiola encouraged him to move to the United States,where there would be greater opportunities for their family.CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 Escalante spent his childhood in Achacachi,a small town to the east of Lake Titicaca.4Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60(bkgd)Image Source/Age Fotostock,(b)Borderlands/Alamy 001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 4001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 49/02/12 10:56 AM9/02/12 10:56 AM As a result,in 1963,he flew to Los Angeles,knowing only two English words:yes and no.He had only$3,000 in his pocket,but he carried something much more valuable.His mother would have taught him to have ganas.This Spanish word means“the desire to succeed.”At first,Escalante may have wondered if ganas would be enough.Because he spoke only Spanish,the best job he could get was mopping floors in a coffee shop.He quickly enrolled in English classes at nearby Pasadena College.He worked hard,and his perseverance paid off when he was promoted to flipping burgers.He completed math and science courses at the college and became a technician at an electronics company.Escalante knew that helping students to learn would be more rewarding for him.So he returned to college to gain his teaching certification.He got his first job as a teacher in the United States when he was 43 years old.At Garfield High School in East Los Angeles,85 percent of students came from low-income families.Most of the students parents were high school dropouts,and few teachers expected the students to do well.Then Jaime Escalante started teaching at the school.5Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 5001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 59/02/12 10:56 AM9/02/12 10:56 AMGiven a class of students with the lowest level of math,he was shocked to find them struggling with material that fifth graders would have already learned in Bolivia.The students didnt participate at all in the class,and their attitude discouraged him so much that he almost quit teaching.He wondered how he would ever inspire these kids to be more than spectators.The principal told Escalante not to demand too much of the students because they came from poor families.Escalante realized then that low expectations were part of the problem.So Escalante announced:“Im going to teach them calculus!”6Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 6001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 69/02/12 10:56 AM9/02/12 10:56 AMThe Will to SucceedThe Will to SucceedWhen Escalante said he was going to teach his low-achieving students calculus,the principal laughed.“Do you really think you can teach them that?”he asked.Escalante wasnt joking.He believed these kids werent doing well because nobody had ever expected them to prevail.Jaime Escalante was a trailblazer who wasnt afraid to try a new approach.He knew that if he showed his students he believed in them,they would learn.“You have to love the subject you teach,and you have to love the kids and make them see that they have a chance,”he told the principal.“Youre giving them false hopes,”the principal responded.“Remember that their parents cant help with their homework.Most of them dropped out of school.”“I will help my students,”Escalante said.Why Calculus?Calculus is a kind of math that is useful for exploring how things change.If you wanted to figure out how the temperature of water vapor changes as it turns into liquid water,you would use calculus.Escalante knew that scientists use calculus to find answers to this kind of problem.If his students had this skill,they could get better jobs.CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 27Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60(bkgd)Image Source/Age Fotostock001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 7001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 79/02/12 10:56 AM9/02/12 10:56 AMThe news that Escalante was going to teach calculus spread through Garfield High.He asked the other teachers to recommend students for his class.They didnt consider any of their students to be adept at math.Escalante knew that most students didnt have the skills they needed yet,and he was looking for students who had a desire to learn.“I want the kid whos bored with the same old stuff and wants to be challenged,”Escalante said.He was like the coach of a high school football team,looking for recruits to learn calculus.Escalante also used sports to inspire his students.He knew that many of them respected top athletes.He thought they might work harder if he reminded them of how hard prominent athletes work to succeed.In his classroom,Escalante hung action posters of sports superstars to inspire his students to excel.Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:608Don Preisler/For The Times 001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 8001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 89/02/12 10:56 AM9/02/12 10:56 AMJust as athletes prepare for an important competition,Escalante wanted to give his students something to work toward.For the students,getting a good education wasnt as exciting as winning a game.So he decided to give them an opponent.However,the deciding match for these students was several years away.No coach would let his or her team play a big game without drilling them to build their skills.In the same way,Escalante couldnt teach something as complex as calculus until students knew lower-level math such as algebra and geometry.When these students were seniors,he wanted them to tackle the AP calculus test.Escalante used real objects and ideas from sports to explain math concepts to the students.He had practice schedules and warm-ups.He led the students in chants of“De-fence!De-fence!Beat ETS!”Escalante used props,sports analogies,and coaching techniques to communicate the complex ideas of calculus.9Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60ZUMA Press/Newscom001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 9001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 99/02/12 10:56 AM9/02/12 10:56 AMApplying methods used by sports coaches,Escalante gave his students ganas,the will to succeed.“If you dont think you have it,dont worry,”he told them.“Ill share mine with you.”Escalante believed that if the students learned calculus,they could go on to succeed beyond school.They would be able to complete their education and get well-paid jobs.“The money is in physics,computers,biology,chemistry,and electronics,”he said.“Whats the language for these subjects?Mathematics.If you know that language,you can do anything.”He made his students and their parents sign a contract setting out the rules for his class.The students promised to do their homework,to come to school early,to stay late if they needed to,and to make math the most important thing in their lives.Escalante signed the contract,too.By working so intensely with his students,Escalante passed on not only math skills,but his drive to succeed in life.10Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Shelley Gazin/CORBIS010_015_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 10010_015_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 109/02/12 10:58 AM9/02/12 10:58 AMThe Escalante ProgramThe Escalante ProgramEscalante spent several years building basic math skills in his students.Only then was he ready to start teaching calculus to his team.His program attracted more students every year.Two out of five students passed the Advanced Placement calculus test in 1979.In 1980,eight students took the test and six passed.Escalante kept to his principles.He allowed no one to attend class unless they had done their homework.Hours of extra time were spent in class.Escalante also looked out for his students beyond their academic lives.He understood their need for love and support.He refused to give up on any of them.He insisted they eat healthful food and avoid taking drugs and other harmful behavior .Food for ThoughtThe links between poor nutrition and poor school performance are well known today.Many studies and reports have shown that even skipping breakfast can have a lasting effect on students learning abilities and results.Escalante believed nutrition played a big part in academic success.In order to support this success,he raised funds so students had the money to eat properly.He contacted parents if he needed to,and he checked students lunch trays to make sure they were eating healthful foods.CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 311Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60(bkgd)Image Source/Age Fotostock010_015_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 11010_015_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 119/02/12 10:58 AM9/02/12 10:58 AMBy 1982,the advanced math program was firmly established at Garfield High.Escalantes team was working hard in the final vital weeks before the AP test,but their teacher didnt look well.Escalante ended up in the hospital after having a heart attack.But even from his bed,he kept coaching the students.His efforts inspired the students to work so hard that all 18 of them passed!Then the ETS challenged 14 of the test results.It said their answers were too similar.This came months after the students had taken the test.They had already been accepted into good colleges.Angry and upset,they suspected that the ETS doubted they could pass the test because they were from a poor neighborhood.The students refused to let Escalante down.Twelve of them agreed to take the test again.The bond that Escalante built with his students extended well beyond the years they spent in class.12Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U3 W4 OPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Brian Gadbery/Los Angeles Times 010_015_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 12010_015_CR14_LR_G6_U3W4L60_O_118652.indd 129/02/12 10:58 AM9/02/12 10:58 AMEscalantes students had prepared for months for the original AP calculus test.Now the ETS gave them a week to prepare for their second attempt.All 12 who took the test passed again!Escalante liked his former students to visit him at Garfield.He knew the kids in his classes needed to hear about how their hard work would pay off.The students went on to have successful careers as doctors,lawyers,mathematicians,scientistsand teachers,like Escalante.He inspired Garfield High School to offer Advanced Placement classes in other subjects,and these have expanded.Escalante left Garfield in 1991.The calculus program wasnt as popular after that,but Garfield still offers its students lots of challenges.In May 2009,the school offered so m