世界银行-2022年全球金融普惠和消费者保护状况（英）-98页-WN9.pdf

Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized群内每日免费分享5份+最新资料 群内每日免费分享5份+最新资料 300T网盘资源+4040万份行业报告为您的创业、职场、商业、投资、亲子、网赚、艺术、健身、心理、个人成长 全面赋能！添加微信，备注“入群”立刻免费领取 立刻免费领取 200套知识地图+最新研报收钱文案、增长黑客、产品运营、品牌企划、营销战略、办公软件、会计财务、广告设计、摄影修图、视频剪辑、直播带货、电商运营、投资理财、汽车房产、餐饮烹饪、职场经验、演讲口才、风水命理、心理思维、恋爱情趣、美妆护肤、健身瘦身、格斗搏击、漫画手绘、声乐训练、自媒体打造、效率软件工具、游戏影音扫码先加好友，以备不时之需扫码先加好友，以备不时之需行业报告/思维导图/电子书/资讯情报行业报告/思维导图/电子书/资讯情报致终身学习者社群致终身学习者社群关注公众号获取更多资料关注公众号获取更多资料The Global State of Financial Inclusion&Consumer Protection2022 2023 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone:202-473-1000 Internet:www.worldbank.orgThis work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions.The findings,interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank,its Board of Executive Directors,or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy,completeness,or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors,omissions,or discrepancies in the information,or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information,methods,processes,or conclusions set forth.The boundaries,colors,denominations,and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank,all of which are specifically reserved.RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONSThe material in this work is subject to copyright.Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge,this work may be reproduced,in whole or in part,for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given.Any queries on rights and licenses,including subsidiary rights,should be addressed to World Bank Publications,The World Bank Group,1818 H Street NW,Washington,DC 20433,USA;fax:202-522-2625;e-mail:pubrightsworldbank.org.CONTENTSAcronyms and Abbreviations xAcknowledgments xiEXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1INTRODUCTION 5FINANCIAL SECTOR LEGAL,REGULATORY,AND SUPERVISORY FRAMEWORKS 72.1 Financial Sector Landscape 72.2 Permissible Activities 112.3 Consultative Processes for Developing Financial Service Regulation 12SELECTED CATALYSTS FOR FINANCIAL INCLUSION 133.1 Financial Inclusion and Digital Inclusion Strategies 143.2 Policies and Programs to Promote Financial Inclusion and Digital Financial Inclusion 183.3 Data Collection 203.4 Access to Basic Accounts 213.5 Simplified Customer Due Diligence 243.6 Remote Account Opening and e-KYC 253.7 Use of Agents and Other Third-Party Distribution Channels 273.8 E-Money 283.9 Fintech Innovations 313.10 Credit Reporting Systems 35FINANCIAL CONSUMER PROTECTION 364.1 Introduction 384.2 Laws and Regulations 384.3 Institutional Arrangements 424.4 Industry Self-Regulation 444.5 Licensing 454.6 Supervisory and Enforcement Activities 464.7 Disclosure and Transparency 494.8 Fair Treatment and Business Conduct 534.9 Responsible Lending 574.10 Complaints Handling,Dispute Resolution,and Recourse 604.11 Data Protection 66viii The Global State of Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection|2022 ReportFINANCIAL EDUCATION AND CAPABILITY 69KEY TAKEAWAYS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 77REFERENCES 79APPENDICES 82Appendix A:List of Responding Jurisdictions 82Appendix B:Overlapping Jurisdictions Under the Time Series Analysis 85Appendix C:Institutional Arrangement Models for Financial Consumer Protection 86Appendix D:Data by Region and Income Group 86LIST OF BOXESBox 3.1:Digital Strategies and Financial Inclusion 16Box 3.2:Leveraging Geospatial Data for Financial Inclusion 20Box 3.3:Basic Account Features 24Box 3.4:Consumer Risks in Fintech 31Box 3.5:World Bank Global Payment Systems Survey 31Box 3.6:Digital Credit:A Double-Edged Sword 33Box 4.1:Good Practices and Resources to Help Authorities Build an Effective FCP Approach 38Box 4.2:Moving to More Comprehensive FCP Regulatory Frameworks 41Box 4.3:Establishing and Strengthening Market Conduct Supervision Units 44Box 4.4:General Data Protection Regulation 66Box 5.1:Comparing Financial Literacy,Financial Education,and Financial Capability 70Box 5.2:Integrating Financial Capability into Government Cash Transfer Programs 73Box 5.3:Building More Effective Financial Education Approaches:Lessons for policymakers 76LIST OF TABLESTable 1.1:Composition of 2022 FICP Survey Respondents 6Table 2.1:FSP Institutional Categories and Definitions 8Table 2.2:Financial Sector Landscape,2022 8Table 2.3:Number of Providers across Institutional Categories 11Table 2.4:Permissible Activities Across Institution Types 12Table 3.1:Types of Financial Inclusion Strategies and Instruments 14Table 3.2:Elements of NFISs,for All Responding Jurisdictions and in Selected Jurisdictions 18Table 3.3:Additional Policy Approaches to Advance Financial Inclusion 19Table 3.4:Data Collection Measures,2022 21Table 3.5:Basic Account Features,2022 23Table 3.6:Use of Agents by Institutional Category,2022 27Table 3.7:Rules Regulating the Relationship between FSPs,Agents,and Consumers,2022 28Table 3.8:E-Money Regulatory Landscape 29Table 3.9:Type of E-Money Issuers 29Table 3.10:Legal and Regulatory Requirements on Separation of Customer E-Money Funds,2022 30Table 3.11:Types of Accounts Used for Safeguarding E-Money Funds,2022 30Table 3.12:Innovation Related Activities Undertaken by Authorities 35Table 3.13:Access to and Usage of Credit Bureaus and Credit Registries 37Table 4.1:Approaches to FCP Legal Frameworks 39Table 4.2:FCP Regulation Types 40Table 4.3:Institutional Arrangement Models for FCP 42Table 4.4:FCP Unit Relationship with the Prudential Function 43Table 4.5:Code of Conduct on Social Performance and FCP 44Table 4.6:Supervisory and Regulatory Activities Undertaken by Authorities 46Table 4.7:Prevalence of FCP Enforcement Activities 48Table 4.8:Complaints Data Collection and Storage by FSPs,2022 49 ixContents ixTable 4.9:Disclosure Requirements at the Shopping or Pre-Contractual Stage 51 Table 4.10:Requirements for FSPs to Provide Information to Consumers in a Document 52 with a Standardized FormatTable 4.11:Requirements for FSPs to Provide Customers with Account Statements 52Table 4.12:Disclosure Requirements for Periodic Statements 53Table 4.13:Approaches for Regulating Product Design and Distribution 55Table 4.14:Market Assessment Requirements for Product Design and Distribution 55Table 4.15:Management of Conflict of Interest 55Table 4.16:Restrictions or Prohibitions on Limiting Customer Mobility 56Table 4.17:Assessing Product Suitability 58 Table 4.18:Requirements to Collect/Validate Customer Information to Determine 58 Repayment Capacity,Table 4.19:Types of Unsupervised CCPs across Regions,2022 60Table 4.20:Requirements for IDR 62Table 4.21:Types of Data Protection Regimes 66Table 4.22:Requirements for Data Protection 67Table 5.1:Financial Education Activities Undertaken by Authorities 71Table D.1:Types of Unregulated CCPs in a Jurisdiction 86Table D.2:Practices Pertaining to Industry Consultations across Jurisdictions,2022 87Table D.3:Practices Pertaining to Consultation with Consumers across Jurisdictions,2022 87Table D.4:Strategies to Promote Financial Inclusion 88Table D.5:Fintech Products for Financial Inclusion,2022 88Table D.6:Requirement to Offer Basic Accounts 89Table D.7:Eligibility Criteria for Basic Accounts 89Table D.8:Simplifications or Exemptions to CDD Requirements 89LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2.1:Financial Sector Landscape,2017 vs.2022 9Figure 2.2:Extent of Supervision and Regulation of CCPs 10Figure 2.3:Issuance of E-Money by Non-Bank Financial Institutions 10Figure 3.1:Digital Strategies to Promote Financial Inclusion 15Figure 3.2:Public and Private Sector Involvement in the Development of Various Strategies 16Figure 3.3:Lead Entity in the Development of Various Financial Strategies,2022 17Figure 3.4:Selected Provisions Contained in Financial Strategies 17Figure 3.5:Requirement to Offer Basic Accounts 22Figure 3.6:Document Requirements for Account Opening 25Figure 3.7:Remote Account Opening,2022 26Figure 3.8:Pathways of Remote CDD,2022 26Figure 3.9:Fintech Product Innovations for Financial Inclusion,2022 32Figure 3.10:Most Common Regulatory Protocols around Fintech Products,2022 32Figure 3.11:Adoption of Data-Sharing Models,2022 34Figure 3.12:Access to Credit Bureaus and Credit Registries,2017 vs.2022 37Figure 4.1:FCP Legal Frameworks,2017 vs.2022 40Figure 4.2:FCP Regulation Types,2017 vs.2022 41Figure 4.3:Institutional Arrangement Models for FCP,2017 vs.2022 43Figure 4.4:FCP Criteria as Licensing Requirement 45Figure 4.5:Supervisory and Regulatory Activities Undertaken by Authorities,2013 vs.2017 vs.2022 47Figure 4.6:Comparison of FCP Enforcement Activities,2013 vs.2017 vs.2022 48Figure 4.7:Disclosure Requirements by Stage of Customer Relationships 50Figure 4.8:Restrictions or Prohibitions on Unfair Business Practices,2017 vs.2022 54Figure 4.9:Restrictions or Prohibitions on Limiting Customer Mobility,2017 vs.2022 56Figure 4.10:Laws or Regulations on Competency of Staff or Agents 57 Figure 4.11:Access to Credit Registries and Bureaus for Financial Institutions Required 58 to Assess a Borrowers Ability to Repay a Loanx The Global State of Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection|2022 ReportACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADR Alternative Dispute ResolutionCCP Consumer Credit ProviderCDD Customer Due DiligenceDFS Digital Financial Servicese-KYC Electronic Know Your CustomerEMI E-Money IssuerFCP Financial Consumer ProtectionFICP Financial Inclusion and Consumer ProtectionFSP Financial Service ProviderIDR Internal Dispute ResolutionM&E Monitoring And EvaluationMNO Mobile Network OperatorNBEMI Non-Bank E-Money IssuerNFIS National Financial Inclusion StrategyODTI Other Deposit-Taking InstitutionFigure 4.12:Interest Rate Caps or Limitations on Loan Pricing,2022 59 Figure 4.13:Provisions in Law or Regulations Establishing Minimum Standards for 59 Debt Collection Practices,2017 vs.2022Figure 4.14:Presence of Laws or Regulations for IDR,2022 61Figure 4.15:Requirements for IDR,2017 vs.2022 62Figure 4.16:Prevalence of ADR Mechanisms 63Figure 4.17:ADR Fee Structure 64Figure 4.18:Funding Sources for ADR Entities 64Figure 4.19:Institutional Models of ADR Entities 64Figure 4.20:Issues Commonly Addressed by ADR Entity 65Figure 4.21:Financial Products Commonly Addressed by ADR Entity 65Figure 4.22:Distribution Channels Commonly Addressed by ADR Entity 65Figure 4.23:Functions of ADR Entities with Respect to Complaints Data,2017 vs.2022 65Figure 4.24:Conditions for Sharing and Disclosing Customer Data to Other Parties,2022 68Figure 4.25:Consent Requirements for Sharing Personal Data,2022 68Figure 5.1:Types of Institutional Arrangements for Financial Education,2017 vs.2022 71Figure 5.2:Coordination Structure to Promote and Coordinate Financial Education,2017 vs.2022 71Figure 5.3:Requirement for FSPs to Provide Financial Education 72Figure 5.4:Issuance of Written Guidelines on Integrating Financial Education 72Figure 5.5:Elements of M&E Systems for Financial Education 73Figure 5.6:Incorporation of Financial Education in Government Programs 73Figure 5.7:Types of Financial Education Programs Regularly Implemented 74Figure 5.8:Financial Education Programs Specifically Focused on Digital Literacy and Awareness 75Figure 5.9:Differentiation of Financial Education Programs by Segment 75 xiACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is a product of the Financial Inclusion,Infrastructure&Access team in the World Bank Groups Finance,Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice.The Global State of Financial Inclu-sion and Consumer Protection Report 2022 was undertaken by a team led by Buddy Buruku and comprising Saba Bint Abbas,Arpita Sarkar,and Fiorella Risso Brandon.The team is grateful for the substantive inputs in the question-naire and report development stage from the following World Bank staff and consultants:Jennifer Chien,Gian Boeddu,Minita Var-ghese,Veronica Trujillo,Fredesvinda Montes,Nicola Sladden,Ser-gio Mesquita,Aute Kasdorp,Anna Zita Metz,Harish Natarajan,Doug Pearce,Stefan Staschen,Juan Carlos Izaguirre,Matei Doho-taru,and Sharmista Arpaya.We also thank the following external experts for their inputs:Ahmed Dermish(UNCDF),Rafe Mazer(Innovations for Poverty Action),Anna Wallace(Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation),and Mayada El-Zoghbi(Center for Financial Inclusion).Finally,the team is also very thankful to Oya Pinar Ardic Alper,Douglas Randall,and Marco Nicoli(Senior Financial Sector Special-ists,World Bank),Eric Duflos and Juan Carlos Izaguirre(Senior Financial Sector Specialists,CGAP),and Anna Wallace(Head of Consumer Protection and RegTech,Bill and Melinda Gates Founda-tion)for serving as peer reviewers.Charles Hagner provided edito-rial assistance,and Gail Welsh provided design and layout assistance.The team benefited from the overall guidance of Mahesh Uttamchandani,Niraj Verma,and Jean Pesme.Finally,the team would like to thank the officials in the 118 responding jurisdictions for their generous contributions of time and expertise in responding to the survey.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Global State of Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protec-tion(FICP)Report,2022 which is an update to the 2013 and 2017 iterations of the Global FICP Survey report details the key findings and provides a source of global data to benchmark efforts by financial sector authorities to improve the enabling environment for financial inclusion and consumer protection.Globally,the overall landscape of financial institution types is a robust ecosystem of non-bank financial institutions,with Con-sumer Credit Providers(CCPs)being the most prevalent cate-gory.CCPs remain unregulated in many jurisdictions,which poses consumer protection risks.The highest unregulated number is in South Asia.Non-bank e-money issuers(NBEMIs)are most active in emerging markets and developing economies(EMDEs),unsurpris-ing given the rise of mobile money as a means of financial inclusion among underserved groups in EMDEs.Jurisdictions have also become more proactive in implementing measures to safeguard customer funds held by NBEMIs.In 20171,59 responding jurisdic-tions prohibited their NBEMIs from using customer e-money funds for purposes other than redeeming e-money and executing fund transfers.By 2022,this number had risen to 73 jurisdictions.Policymakers are deploying a variety of strategies and other policy instruments to achieve financial inclusion goals.National Financial Inclusion Strategies(NFIS)are the most common of these,with 63 jurisdictions having or developing one.Between the 2017 and 2022 cycles,jurisdictions that had or were developing an NFIS increased from 28 to 34,while the number without such a strategy reduced