世界银行-eGP在非洲的应用（英）-2023-43页-WN9.pdf

GOVERNANCE AND THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN AFRICATECHNICAL BACKGROUND PAPER SERIESAdoption of eGP in AfricaPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized群内每日免费分享5份+最新资料 群内每日免费分享5份+最新资料 300T网盘资源+4040万份行业报告为您的创业、职场、商业、投资、亲子、网赚、艺术、健身、心理、个人成长 全面赋能！添加微信，备注“入群”立刻免费领取 立刻免费领取 200套知识地图+最新研报收钱文案、增长黑客、产品运营、品牌企划、营销战略、办公软件、会计财务、广告设计、摄影修图、视频剪辑、直播带货、电商运营、投资理财、汽车房产、餐饮烹饪、职场经验、演讲口才、风水命理、心理思维、恋爱情趣、美妆护肤、健身瘦身、格斗搏击、漫画手绘、声乐训练、自媒体打造、效率软件工具、游戏影音扫码先加好友，以备不时之需扫码先加好友，以备不时之需行业报告/思维导图/电子书/资讯情报行业报告/思维导图/电子书/资讯情报致终身学习者社群致终身学习者社群关注公众号获取更多资料关注公众号获取更多资料 GOVERNANCE AND THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN AFRICA TECHNICAL BACKGROUND PAPER SERIES Adoption of eGPAdoption of eGP in Africa in Africa Hunt LaCascia,Justin Valentine,Travis Mells,Vineet Surapaneni,Kelly Flanagan,Maria Delfina Alcaide,and Michael Kramer Technical Background Paper:Adoption of eGP in Africa Copyright 2022 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone:202-473-1000 Internet:www.worldbank.org Disclaimer This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank.The findings,interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank,its Board of Executive Directors,or the governments they represent.Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright.Any queries on rights and licenses,including subsidiary rights,should be addressed to:Office of the Publisher The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington,DC 20433 USA Fax:202-522-2422 E-mail:pubrightsworldbank.org.Technical Background Paper:Adoption of eGP in Africa iii Acknowledgments This Background Note was prepared under the leadership of James Anderson(Lead Governance Specialist)and Hunt LaCascia(Senior Procurement Specialist,Governance Procurement),by a team including Justin Valentine(Valent Procurement Consultant),Travis Mells(Valent Procurement Consultant),Vineet Surapaneni(Valent Procurement Consultant),Kelly Flanagan(Valent Procurement Consultant),Maria Delfina Alcaide(Governance Data Consultant),and Michael Kramer(Fraud and Anti-Corruption Consultant).The report benefited from the inputs of the following World Bank colleagues who kindly agreed to serve as peer reviewers:Sunday Esene Osoba,Knut Leipold,Khalid Bin Anjum,Rajesh Kumar,Hiba Tahboub and Carey Kluttz from the Open Contracting Partnership.The Background Note benefited immensely from the participation,assistance,and insights from other experts.The team is especially grateful for the support of the Global Governance Practice(GGP),the and the prior work of governance,finance,and procurement colleagues in both the GGP and Operations Policy and Country Services(OPCS).We are grateful to Richard Crabbe for editorial services and Maria Lopez for cover design.Technical Background Paper:Adoption of eGP in Africa iv Abbreviations Abbreviation/Term Full Terminology/Definition ADB Asian Development Bank AFR-E East Africa AFR-W West Africa CapEx Capital Expenditure COTS Commercial-Off-The-Shelf CPB Central Purchasing Body CSR Corporate Social Responsibility EAP East Asia and Pacific ECA Europe and Central Asia eGP Electronic Government Procurement eProcurement Electronic procurement,referring to the process of requisitioning,ordering,and purchasing goods and services online FCV Fragility,Conflict,and Violence GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income GPPD World Banks Global Public Procurement Database GUI Graphical User Interface HW Hardware IADB Inter-American Development Bank ICT Information and Communications Technology IDA International Development Association IFMIS Integrated Financial Management Information System IIAG Ibrahim Index of African Governance IOT Internet of Things KPI Key Performance Indicator LCC Lifecycle Costing LPTA Lowest Price Technically Acceptable LTA Long-Term Agreement Technical Background Paper:Adoption of eGP in Africa v MAPS World Banks Methodology for Assessing Procurement Systems MEAT Most Economically Advantageous Tender MENA Middle East and North Africa MPB Multilateral Development Bank NDI Non-Developmental Items OCDS Open Contracting Data Standard OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OLC World Banks Open Learning Campus OpEx Operating Expenditure P2P Purchase-to-Pay PaaS Platform-as-a-Service PFM Public Financial Management PII Personal Identifiable Information PPP Public-Private Partnership SaaS Software-as-a-Service SAR South Asia SLA Service-Level Agreement SME Small-and Medium-Sized Enterprise SPD Standard Procurement Document SSA Sub-Saharan Africa SW Software TCO Total Cost of Ownership:an estimate of the total costs associated with a solution over the whole of the operational life,including final disposal USD United States Dollars VfM Value for Money Technical Background Paper:Adoption of eGP in Africa vi Table of Contents 1 Introduction.1 2 eGP Definition and System Characteristics.3 2.1 eGP Business Models.4 2.2 eGP System Acquisition Approach.5 3 Impacts of eGP on Governance.8 4 Preconditions for Successful eGP Adoption.11 4.1 Electronic Government Procurement(eGP)Readiness Self-Assessment.11 4.2 Open Contracting Playbook.13 4.3 Methodology for Assessing Procurement Systems(MAPS).14 5 eGP Adoption Progress Across Africa.17 6 Solutions and Recommendations for eGP Adoption.24 7 Bibliography.30 ANNEX I:African Countries with Procurement Law Clauses by Procurement Practice Area.32 ANNEX II:GPPD Key Terms and Definitions.33 List of Figures Figure I.E-Publication and Corruption Correlation 9 Figure II.E-Tendering and Corruption Correlation 10 Figure III.Readiness Self-Assessment Framework Output(Illustrative Example)13 Figure IV.MAPS Analytical Framework 15 Figure V.Number of eGP System Implementations in Africa by Region/IDA/FCV Designation 18 Figure VI.African Countries with eGP Implementations 18 Figure VII.Representation of the Number of eGP Module Implementations in Africa by Country 19 Figure VIII.Pre-Award eGP Module Implementations by Region 20 Figure IX.Post-Award eGP Module Implementations by Region 21 Figure X.Supporting Feature eGP Module Implementations by Region 22 List of Tables Table I.African Countries with Current World Bank eGP and Data Analytics Efforts 2 Table II.eGP Modules and Definitions as Defined in the World Banks Global Public Procurement DD 4 Table III.Common eGP Business Models for Deployment and Operation 4 Table IV.SaaS/COTS/Custom Build System Acquisition Considerations 6 Table V.External and Internal Challenges to eGP Adoption Lesotho Case Study 10 Table VI.eGP Readiness Self-Assessment Strategic Foundations and Components 12 Table VII.Four Components of the Open Contracting Reform Design and Management Framework 14 Table VIII.Potential eGP Implementation Stakeholder Groups 25 Table IX.eGP Funding Strategy Options 27 Table X.Critical Success Factors to eGP Implementation 28 Technical Background Paper:Adoption of eGP in Africa 1 1 Introduction The objective of this paper is to provide information on Electronic Government Procurement(eGP),a digital technology that can help public procurement organizations optimize spend,improve the performance of supplier markets,and minimize corruption in the procurement lifecycle.This paper aims to:Detail the impact of eGP on governance.Describe the preconditions that are required for successful eGP implementation.Provide country case studies that illustrate the benefits of eGP implementation.Review the progress of eGP adoption across Africa.Provide solutions and recommendations for countries that are interested in upgrading existing or introducing new eGP solutions and/or modules.Public procurement is central to the issue of government corruption,fraud,and abuse.Public procurement accounts for between 10 percent and 25 percent of public spending globally.Corruption in public procurement is estimated to consume between 10 percent and 30 percent of capital investment project costs,significantly inflating total costs and delivering less value to governments and the citizens they serve(World Bank 2020b).Misaligned or imprecise public procurement can be wasteful and lead to the acquisition of substandard goods and services that create unintended costs.By not meeting the actual needs of the procuring entities,misaligned goods and services eventually cost procuring entities more than initially estimated.Procuring entities may need to re-procure the same items,resulting in increased costs,in order to receive the goods and services that address their needs.As of March 2021,the World Bank was managing 47 projects with a value of over US$443.8 million aimed at the improvement of eGP and data analytics systems within client countries globally.Of these projects,19 are located in Africa with a combined eGP value of US$250.4 million as shown in Table I below.Table I.African Countries with Current World Bank eGP and Data Analytics Efforts Country Instrument1 Total Value$Million eGP Value$Million Approval FY Closing FY Description of Intervention Burkina Faso IPF 30.0 1.5 2016 2022 P155121 Economic Governance and Citizen Engagement Project,development of e-Procurement.Burundi IDA 22.0 1.0 2015 2021 P149176 Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Government Effectiveness Project.Cameroon IDA 31.0 7.0 2018 2023 P151155 Strengthening Public Sector Effectiveness and Statistical Capacity Project.Cote dIvoire P4R 100.0 15.0 2019 2024 P164302 Enhancing Government Effectiveness for Improved Public Services,e-Procurement implementation.Djibouti IPF 15.0 9.5 2018 2023 P162904 Djibouti Digital Transformation of Public Administration,including e-Procurement component.Ethiopia IPF 33.0 3.7 2016 2021 P150922 Public Financial Management Project,development of e-Procurement.Gambia IDA 35.0 3.0 2020 2025 P166695 Gambia Fiscal Management Development Project.Ghana IPF 97.0 5.0 2013 2023 P144140 E-Transform Project,piloting of e-Procurement.Guinea IPF 22.0 1.0 2017-P157662 Economic Governance Technical Assistance&Capacity Building Additional Financing Project,development of e-Procurement tools.Kenya P4R 150.0 21.0 2018 2023 P161387 Governance,development and rollout of e-1 IPF=Investment Project Financing;P4R=Program-for-Results Financing;IDA=International Development Association Grant.Technical Background Paper:Adoption of eGP in Africa 2 Procurement Liberia IDA 19.0 1.5 2019 2024 P165000 Integrated Public Financial Management Reform Project II,development of e-Procurement.Madagascar IDA 140.0 56.0 2021 2024 P169413 Digital Governance and Identification Management System Project(PRODIGY).Malawi IPF 72.4 4.0 2017 2022 P160533 Digital Malawi Program Phase I:Malawi Digital Foundations Project,feasibility study and piloting of e-Procurement.Mauritania IDA 24.8 5.2 2016 2022 P146804-Mauritania Public Sector Governance Project Morocco P4R 200 10.0 2017 2023 P158346 Strengthening Agri-food Value Chains Program-for-Results,development and rollout of e-Procurement.Nigeria P4R 750.0 70.0 2018 2023 P162009 State Fiscal Transparency,Accountability,and Sustainability Program-for-Results,rollout of e-Procurement,and use of open contracting standards.Nigeria IPF 125.0 28.0 2018 2023 P163540 Fiscal Governance and Institutions Project,rollout of e-Procurement,and use of open contracting standards.Sierra Leone IPF 32.0 3.0 2014 2021 P133424 Public Financial Management Improvement and Consolidation Project,e-Procurement introduction.Uganda IPF 85.0 5.0 2015 2022 P130871 Regional Communications Infrastructure Program Phase 5,rollout of e-Procurement.Under a new policy commitment for IDA19,2 the World Bank will support at least 50 percent(38 countries)of International Development Association(IDA)countries to implement eGP and conduct detailed procurement data analytics in order to increase the efficiency of public spending and mitigate corruption risks.Currently,19 IDA countries have implemented some form of eGP;19 additional countries will be engaged to implement eGP as part of the IDA19 policy commitment.2 See http:/ida.worldbank.org/replenishments/ida19.Technical Background Paper:Adoption of eGP in Africa 3 2 eGP Definition and System Characteristics Definition of eGP:Electronic Government Procurement(eGP)is the use of a transactional information system by government institutions and other public sector organizations in conducting and managing their procurement activities and relationships with suppliers for the procurement of works,goods,and services required by the public sector.eGP provides the following public procurement benefits:Compliance with laws and standards leading to improved governance.Improvement in data collection,analysis,accounting,and monitoring,potentially leading to increased savings.Standardization of public procurement processes resulting in improved effectiveness.Automation and systematization of the procurement processes,leading to a reduction in processing times and administrative costs while adhering to internationally recognized best practice procurement principles such as Value for Money(VfM).Reduction of the prices of procured goods and services as a result of increased competition.Improvement in productivity while reducing fraud and corruption.Creation of economies of scale which improve local and regional economies.Increased participation of small and medium enterprises(SMEs)in the procurement process.Improved alignment with development goals as public expenditures are fairer and more balanced.Improved decision making-abilities by policy makers,regulators and practitioners.Enhanced environmental sustainability through reduction in the use of paper and polluting by means of transport.eGP should not be considered as a monolithic,single piece of technology,rather it should be considered as an aggregation of different types of procurement modules and functionalities that are fit-for-purpose designed to automate procurement processes.The following table provides the names and definitions of the most common eGP modules used in systems around the world.Table II.eGP Modules and Definitions as Defined in the World Banks Global Public Procurement Database(GPPD)3 eGP Module Name eGP Module Definition eProcurement Plan Used to create and publish annual procurement plans at the beginning of each fiscal year.This module commonly allows bidders to be aware of the nature,timing,and volume of the planned public procurements.ePublishing/Notification aka(eAdvertisement)Supports the publication of public procurement advertisements so that these are available to any interested party.eTendering/eQuotation Provides online support for the submission of bids.eEvaluation/Awarding Supports the electronic opening(decryption)of bids,their partial or complete evaluation,and the notification of the outcome of the process.eReverse Auctions Provide an online real-time purchasing technique,enabling bidders to successively submit bids of lower value.This module features mechanisms for the automatic evaluation of bids.eContract Management Supports the management o