世贸组织为实现可持续发展目标的贡献-英-30页-WN9.pdf

WTOs contribution to attaining UN Sustainable Development Goals:2023 update to the High-Level Political Forum群内每日免费分享5份+最新资料 群内每日免费分享5份+最新资料 300T网盘资源+4040万份行业报告为您的创业、职场、商业、投资、亲子、网赚、艺术、健身、心理、个人成长 全面赋能！添加微信，备注“入群”立刻免费领取 立刻免费领取 200套知识地图+最新研报收钱文案、增长黑客、产品运营、品牌企划、营销战略、办公软件、会计财务、广告设计、摄影修图、视频剪辑、直播带货、电商运营、投资理财、汽车房产、餐饮烹饪、职场经验、演讲口才、风水命理、心理思维、恋爱情趣、美妆护肤、健身瘦身、格斗搏击、漫画手绘、声乐训练、自媒体打造、效率软件工具、游戏影音扫码先加好友，以备不时之需扫码先加好友，以备不时之需行业报告/思维导图/电子书/资讯情报行业报告/思维导图/电子书/资讯情报致终身学习者社群致终身学习者社群关注公众号获取更多资料关注公众号获取更多资料AcknowledgmentsThis publication received guidance from Deputy Director-General Xiangchen Zhang and from Yuvan Beedjadhur of the Office of the Director-General.Preparation of the publication was a joint effort across several divisions of the WTO.Ral Torres,Head of the Development Policy Unit of the Development Division conceptualized,and directed the project.Roberta Allport,also from the Development Policy Unit,was the project coordinator.The publication was edited and reviewed by Helen Swain of the Information and External Relations Division.Contributing authors to this publication were Ral Torres,Roberta Allport and Magdaline Morijoi(Development Division);Ruosi Zhang,Ester Rubio Colomer,Ayushi Singh and Martin Roy(Trade in Services and Investment Division);Sajal Mathur,Ludivine Tamiotti and Svetlana Chobanova(Trade and Environment Division);Josefita Pardo de Len,Mengqi Niu,Antony Taubman,Carol Cravero and Reto Malacrida(Intellectual Property,Government Procurement and Competition Division);Roberta Piermartini,Ankai Xu,Stela Rubnov and Jose-Antonio Monteiro(Economic Research and Statistics Division).DisclaimerThis publication has been prepared under the WTO Secretariats own responsibility and without prejudice to the position of WTO members and to their rights and obligations under the WTO.The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the WTO concerning the legal status of any country,area or territory or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.3CONTENTIntroduction 4The 2023 High-Level Political Forum and the WTO 4Overview of international trade between 2022 and 2023 and projections for the future 4WTO contributions to recovery from COVID-19 and future pandemics 7SDG 6:Clean Water and Sanitation 8Trade policies and trade measures for water conservation and management 8Water supply and sanitation services 9The UN 2023 Water Conference and the Global Commission on the Economics of Water 9International trade in water 10SDG 7:Affordable and Clean Energy 11Trade is increasingly shaping the clean energy landscape 11Addressing trade barriers in clean and renewable energy 12International trade cooperation can speed up access to affordable clean energy worldwide 13SDG 9:Industry,Innovation and Infrastructure 15Government policies to promote innovation and sustainability 15Examples of WTO initiatives that facilitate innovation 17The role of intellectual property and the WTO TRIPS Agreement in innovation 17Policies of micro,small and medium-sized enterprises 20The role of the Agreement on Government Procurement(2012)in infrastructure development 20The role of Aid for Trade in SDG 9 21The geographical distribution of Aid for Trade 22Strengthening multilateral cooperation on industrial subsidies 24SDG 11:Sustainable Cities and Communities 26The role of tourism and services in supporting the development of sustainable cities 26Measuring the sustainability of tourism 27The role of investment facilitation for development in the tourism sector 27The role of trade in promoting sustainable cities 28The WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement and sustainable cities 28SDG 17:Partnerships for Trade and development 30References 31Endnotes 33WTOS CONTRIBUTION TO ATTAINING UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS4IntroductionThe 2023 High-Level Political Forum and the WTOThe UNs High-Level Political Forum(HLPF),held annually,offers organizations,including the WTO,the opportunity to review progress towards the attainment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In the case of the WTO,this involves examining the contribution of international trade and the multilateral trading system to attainment of the SDGs and to development in general.The 2023 HLPF will focus particularly on Goal 6(“Clean water and sanitation”),Goal 7(“Affordable and clean energy”),Goal 9(“Industry,innovation and infrastructure”),Goal 11(“Sustainable cities and communities”)and Goal 17(“Partnerships for the goals”).The HLPF will also take into account the different and particular impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic across these SDGs and the integrated,and interlinked nature of the SDGs.The HLPF process therefore gives the WTO the opportunity to delve into SDGs where connections with trade have not been examined in detail up to now.Overview of international trade between 2022 and 2023 and projections for the futureThe WTOs recent“Global Trade Outlook and Statistics”report(WTO,2023a)showed that,due to strong external pressures,2023 projections for trade and output growth are below the respective averages of 2.6 per cent and 2.7 per cent for the 12 years since the trade collapse that followed the global financial crisis.The WTO recognizes the important role that trade must play in the economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and the need for decisive positive action on multilateral trade;as WTO Director-General Okonjo-Iweala stated during the launch of the“Global Trade Outlook and Statistics”:“Trade continues to be a force for resilience in the global economy This makes it even more important for governments to avoid trade fragmentation and refrain from introducing obstacles to trade.Investing in multilateral cooperation on trade would bolster economic growth and peoples living standards over the long term.”1The report projects merchandise trade volume growth of 1.7 per cent in 2023,accompanied by real GDP growth of 2.4 per cent at market exchange rates (see Figure 1).However,this projected merchandise trade volume growth is,in fact,an upwards revision from the previous estimate of 1.0 per cent made by the WTO in October 2022,and is due to the relaxation of COVID-19 pandemic controls in China,which is expected to unleash pent-up consumer demand in the country,resulting in a boost to international trade.The report also shows that goods trade was more resilient than expected for most of 2022,despite the effects of the war in Ukraine.Year-on-year merchandise trade volume growth averaged 4.2 per cent in the first three-quarters of 2022,before a sharp quarter-on-quarter decline in the fourth quarter dragged growth for the year down to 2.7 per cent.Several factors contributed to that slump,including elevated global commodity prices,monetary policy tightening in response to inflation,and outbreaks of COVID-19 that disrupted production and trade in China.Trade growth in 2022 was in line with the 2.4 to 3.0 per cent baseline scenario predicted by the WTOs March 2022 report on the war in Ukraine(WTO,2022a),which was well above a more pessimistic scenario in which the formation of competing economic blocs would have resulted in trade growth of 0.5 per cent.Instead,as a result of continued open markets,many vulnerable countries were able to compensate for increased food prices and reduced supply by turning to alternative products and suppliers(WTO,2023b).Looking ahead to 2024(see Figure 2),a rebound of trade growth to 3.2 per cent is projected,as GDP picks up to 2.6 per cent.However,this estimate is more uncertain than usual due to the presence of a number of significant risks,including geopolitical tensions,resurgent inflation,food supply shocks and the possibility of unforeseen effects resulting from monetary tightening.Interest rate hikes in advanced economies have also revealed weaknesses in banking systems that could lead to wider financial instability unless addressed by governments and regulators.The outcome of the worst-case scenario continues to be a food crisis that could trigger widespread hunger and,potentially,political instability in low-income countries.Inflation and commodity prices were also among the main drags on trade and GDP in 2022(see Figure 3).Coupled with an appreciation of the US dollar,inflation rates in 2022 were among their highest since the 1980s,strongly influenced by massive commodity price fluctuations,which also affected 2022 trade volumes.INTRODUCTION5Figure 1:World merchandise trade volume and GDP growth,2015-24Annual%changeNote:2023 and 2024 are projections.Source:WTO for merchandise trade volume and consensus estimates for GDP(WTO,2023a).Figure 2:Volume of world merchandise trade,2015Q1-2024Q4Seasonally adjusted volume index,2015=100Note:The shaded region represents both random variation and subjective assessment of risk.Sources:WTO and UNCTAD for historical data,WTO Secretariat estimates for forecasts and WTO(2023a).Merchandise trade volume growthReal GDP growth at market exchange ratesAverage trade growth 2010-2022Average GDP growth 2010-20222015 6.0 4.0 2.00.02.04.06.08.010.020162016201720182019202020212022P2023P2.33.11.42.84.93.43.2 3.30.42.6-5.1-3.39.45.92.73.01.72.43.22.680901001101201301402015Q12015Q22015Q32015Q42016Q12016Q22016Q32016Q42017Q12017Q22017Q32017Q42018Q12018Q22018Q32018Q42019Q12019Q22019Q32019Q42020Q12020Q22020Q32020Q42021Q12021Q22021Q32021Q42022Q12022Q22022Q32022Q42023Q12023Q22023Q32023Q42024Q12024Q22024Q32024Q4WTOS CONTRIBUTION TO ATTAINING UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS6These fluctuations were particularly strong for European natural gas prices,which rose 48 per cent between January and August 2022,before falling 76 per cent by February 2023.Prices of food commodities also underwent wide variations over the course of 2022,surging by 19 per cent between January and May,before plunging 15 per cent between May and December.Prices of fertilizers registered an even larger year-on-year increase of 63 per cent.The COVID-19 pandemic was also responsible for a dramatic reduction in international trade,resulting in depressed GDP growth,particularly in 2020 (see Figure 1).Conversely,international trade has played a critical role in accelerating the economic recovery from the pandemic in a number of ways:The pandemic created a surge in demand for goods such as masks,ventilators and personal protective equipment.International trade helped to ensure that these essential medical supplies and equipment were available in the countries that needed them most,even when domestic production was unable to meet the demand.International trade played a critical role in the transport of COVID-19 vaccines and related medical supplies to countries in need,including low-income economies lacking resources to develop or purchase vaccines.The pandemic disrupted global supply chains,causing shortages and delays in the delivery of goods and services.International trade helped to maintain these supply chains and ensured that essential goods and services continued to flow despite disruptions.The pandemic caused a significant downturn in global economic activity,leading to widespread job losses and business closures.International trade helped to support economic recovery by enabling businesses to access new markets,offsetting the impact of reduced domestic demand.International trade helped to facilitate global collaboration and cooperation in addressing common challenges by enabling the sharing of knowledge,expertise and resources across borders and by promoting international dialogue and cooperation.Figure 3:Global average primary commodity prices,January 2019-February 2023Source:World Bank and WTO(2023a).01002003004005006007008002019M012019M032019M052019M072019M092019M112020M012020M032020M052020M072020M092020M112021M012021M032021M052021M072021M092021M112022M012022M032022M052022M072022M092022M112023M01Index,2019=100EnergyCrude OilNatural GasFoodGrainsFertilizersINTRODUCTION7WTO contributions to recovery from COVID-19 and future pandemicsThe WTOs work has been instrumental in creating conditions favouring the recovery of international trade and economies from the COVID-19 pandemic.An important example is the WTOs 12th Ministerial Conference(MC12),held in June 2022 following a delay of over two years due to the pandemic.The Conference resulted in two outcomes specifically related to trade responsiveness to pandemics,namely,the Ministerial Declaration on the WTO Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Preparedness for Future Pandemics2 and the Ministerial Decision on the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS Agreement).3The Ministerial Declaration on the WTO Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Preparedness for Future Pandemics resulted from work by WTO members on a holistic multilateral response to the pandemic,which would also take into account future pandemics.This Declaration is solutions-oriented and,for example,will enable members to better leverage the knowledge generated by the networks established by WTO Director-General Okonjo-Iweala in order to coordinate discussions among relevant international organizations,development agencies,civil society and businesses.The declaration calls upon relevant WTO bodies to continue or initiate work on lessons learned and challenges experienced during the pandemic.Areas of focus include export restrictions,food security,intellectual property,regulatory cooperation,services,tariff classification,technology transfer,trade facilitation and transparency.A yearly stocktaking exercise will take place in the General Council up to the end of 2024.4The Ministerial Decision on the TRIPS Agreement provides a platform for members to work together to diversify vaccine production capacity.It allows members greater scope to take direct action to override the exclusive effect of patents through a targeted waiverthat addresses specific problems identified during the pandemic,especially facilitating and streamlining vaccine exports for the next five years and greater clarity regarding emergency use measures.Developing-economy members with existing COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing capacity are encouraged to opt out of availing themselves of the waiver.Members were also due to decide on whether to extend the waiver to cover the production and supply of COVID-19 diagnostics and therapeutics by December 2022,though this deadline has been extended.8WTOS CONTRIBUTION TO ATTAINING UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALSTrade policies and trade measures for water conservation and management Water is assumed by many to be provided by nature and available to all for free,but,in reality,water access cannot be taken for granted.Water resources are distributed unevenly across the globe.Furthermore,its supply is significantly affected by climate change,deforestation,and pollution.Trade and trade policies can play a role in addressing these challenges,especially in economies most vulnerable to extreme weather events,water or foo