1_1. 讲解部分PPT.pptx

高考英语,新高考专用,第三部分句法专题九并列复合句和主从复合句,知识清单并列复合句和主从复合句专讲考点一并列复合句由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起的句子叫并列复合句。常见的并列连词1.表并列关系:and,not only.but(also).等。例句She dances well and he sings well.她舞跳得好,他歌唱得好。,2.表转折关系:but,yet等。例句Honey is sweet,but the bee stings.蜂蜜是甜的,但蜜蜂会蜇人。Its a small car,yet its surprisingly spacious.这辆轿车小,然而宽敞得出奇。3.表因果关系:for,so等。例句He didnt attend the meeting,for he was ill.他由于病了,没有参会。It was still painful so I went to see a doctor.那地方还疼,因此我去看了医生。,4.表选择关系:or,either.or.等。例句Either you come to my house or I go to yours.或者你到我家来,或者我到你家去。5.when可用作并列连词,意为“正在这时/那时;一就;刚就”,相当于and at this/that time。例句We were having a meeting when someone broke in.我们正在开会,这时突然有人闯了进来。I was about to go out when the telephone rang.我刚要出去,电话就响了。,6.while作为并列连词,意为“而,却”,表示对比。例句He likes pop music while I am fond of classical music.他喜欢流行音乐,而我喜欢古典音乐。注意并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或分句,既可用于简单句,也可用于复合句。,考点二主从复合句一、定语从句1.基本概念在主从复合句中作定语,修饰名词、代词等的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词。例句Ill forever cherish the days when I studied abroad.我将永远珍视我在国外学习的日子。,1)先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等称为先行词,一般出现在定语从句之前。有时先行词是整个主句。例句This is the museum which was built last year.这就是去年建成的那个博物馆。They sent my child to the school every morning,which I considered a great help to me.他们每天早晨送我的孩子去学校,我认为这对我是极大的帮助。,2)关系词:引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。常见关系词的分类概述见下表:,例句The boys who/that are playing football are from Class One.(从句中who/that作主语)正在踢足球的男孩们是一班的。This is the pen(which/that)he bought yesterday.(从句中which/that作宾语)这是他昨天买的那支钢笔。Ill cherish the moment when I met Lisa.(从句中when作时间状语)我将珍视我和莉萨见面的时刻。Is there a shop around where we can get fruit?(从句中where作地点状语)附近有没有我们能买到水果的商店?We dont know the reason why they didnt attend the meeting.(从句中why作原因状语)我们不知道他们没有参会的原因。,2.定语从句的分类1)限制性定语从句:和先行词的关系密切;不用逗号与主句分开;可用关系代词that引导;可省略关系词(that,who,which在从句中充当宾语时可以省略);只可以修饰先行词,不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分(先行词通常是名词、代词或词组);翻译成“的”。例句The area along the Yellow River is the place which must be protected.沿黄河的地区是必须保护的地方。People who take physical exercise live longer.进行身体锻炼的人更长寿。(若把从句去掉,句子就失去意义),2)非限制性定语从句:和先行词的关系比较松散(是一种补充说明);一般使用逗号与主句分开;不可用关系代词that或关系副词why来引导;关系词作宾语时不可省略;可修饰整个主句或主句的一部分;往往不译为“的”。例句His daughter,who is in Boston,is coming here.他女儿在波士顿,就要来这儿了。(若把从句去掉,句子完整)Peter drove too fast,which was dangerous.彼得开车太快,这是很危险的。,3.关系代词的用法1)that的用法that指代人/物(指人时相当于who/whom;指物时相当于which),在限制性定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语(作宾语时常可省略)。例句The picture(that/which)we are studying was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student.我们正在研究的这幅画是一个十五岁的学生画的。I cant recognize the person(that/who/whom)I met five years ago.我认不出五年前我见到的那个人了。I know a foreigner who/that is from South Africa.我认识一个来自南非的外国人。,2)who/whom的用法,例句He is the man who lives next door.(在从句中作主语)他就是住在隔壁的那个男子。I happened to meet the professor(who/whom)I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday.(在从句中作宾语)昨天在购物中心,我碰巧遇见了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。,3)whose的用法,例句This is the scientist whose achievements are remarkable.=This is the scientist,the achievements of whom are remarkable.=This is the scientist,of whom the achievements are remarkable.这就是那位成就非凡的科学家。Id like a room whose window faces the sea.=Id like a room of which the window faces the sea.=Id like a room the window of which faces the sea.我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。,4)which的用法,例句Is this the pen(which)you are looking for?这是你正在找的那支钢笔吗?The train which has just left is for Shenzhen.刚开走的那列火车是驶往深圳的。,that和which的用法辨析先行词指物时,在限制性定语从句中可作主语、表语或宾语的which和that在通常情况下可互换使用。但在下列情况下that和which却不宜互换。1.宜用that不宜用which的情况:先行词是all,much,little,few,something,anything,everything,none,nothing等不定代词时。He did everything that he could to help us.他尽他最大努力来帮助我们。,先行词在主句中作表语,关系代词本身在从句中也作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。先行词前有the only,the same,the very,any,every,no,all,few,little,much等词语修饰时。Reading was the only thing that interested her.阅读是唯一使她感兴趣的事。主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which is the bike that you lost?哪辆是你丢的自行车?先行词既指人又指物时。I am going to talk about the countries and people that I have visited.我要谈论一下我所访问过的国家和人民。,先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best film that has been shown so far in the city.这是这座城市到目前为止放映过的最好的电影。The first thing that we should do now is to find a local guide.我们现在应该做的第一件事就是找一个当地的向导。2.只用which不用that的情况:在非限制性定语从句中。在介词后。,5)as的用法as引导限制性定语从句时,主要用于the same.as.,such.as.,so.as.结构。as在定语从句中既可指人也可指物,在从句中常可作主语、宾语、表语。例句We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了他们工厂里用的这样的材料。He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。,as引导非限制性定语从句,其先行词是整个主句时,常译成“正如,正像”。例句As everybody knows,Shakespeare is a famous writer.每个人都知道,莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。,as和which的用法辨析(引导非限制性定语从句时)1.共同点:都可指代整个主句。2.不同点:as位置灵活,可位于主句前、中、后,which位于主句之后;as表示“正如,正像”,which表示“这一点,这件事”;as的先行词一般只能是整个主句,which的先行词还可以是主句中的一部分或一个名词。As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.=The moon travels round the earth once every month,as is known to everybody.众所周知,月亮每个月绕地球转一圈。,She is very patient,as is shown in her work.她很有耐心,正如她在工作中表现出来的一样。The weather turned out to be very fine,which was more than we could ex-pect.结果天气很晴朗,这一点超出了我们的预料。The book,which I bought yesterday,is very instructive.我昨天买的那本书很有启发性。,4.关系副词的用法,温馨提示1.从句中缺少什么成分是选择关系代词或关系副词的关键,即便先行词是表示地点、时间或原因的名词,如果在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语,那么还是要选择关系代词。2.当先行词为表示“模糊地点或抽象地点”的名词,如 condition,point,po-sition,activity,case,situation等,关系词在定语从句中作地点状语时,可用where引导。You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately.你可能遇上一种情况使你不得不立刻作出决定。,3.as也可用作关系副词引导限制性定语从句,多用于the same.as结构,as在从句中作方式状语。He answered with the same simplicity as he asked.他回答问题就和提出问题一样简洁。,5.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时,关系代词常用which(指物)或whom(指人),即“介词+which/whom”。1)当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词which或whom不能省略。例句In the dark street,there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的街道上,没有一个她可以求助的人。2)在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。,例句This is the hero(that/who/whom)we are proud of.这是我们引以为荣的那位英雄。This is the pen(that/which)I wrote the letter with.这是我写信用的那支钢笔。,6.定语从句中的注意事项1)定语从句中的主谓一致问题当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方面应该与先行词保持一致。例句I,who am your teacher,will try my best to help you.我你的老师,将尽全力帮助你。I didnt meet the guests who were here.我没有遇见在这里的客人。,温馨提示1.有时先行词与关系代词隔开,这时先确定先行词。Henry is doing experiments in the laboratory which are important to his study of certain chemicals.亨利正在实验室做实验,这些实验对他研究某些化学制品是很重要的。2.当先行词是“one of+复数名词(短语)”,并且关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式。当“one of+复数名词(短语)”前有the only,the very等时,关系代词所代表的是一个单数的概念,所以从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visi-tors.长城是吸引大量游客的世界著名的建筑之一。,Rumour has it that the Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.有传言说长城是地球上唯一能从月球上看到的建筑。2)way后面的定语从句如果先行词way后面的定语从句中缺少宾语,则用that,which或省略关系词。如果定语从句中缺少方式状语,则用how,in which,that或省略关系词。例句The way(how/that/in which)he explained the sentence to us was not diffi-cult to understand.他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。,二、状语从句在句中作状语的从句叫状语从句,由于其功能与副词非常相似,故又称作副词性从句。常见的九种状语从句和引导词(从属连词)如下:,1.时间状语从句在主从复合句中作时间状语的从句称为时间状语从句,可放在句首、句中或句尾。下面是时间状语从句常用的引导词的用法。1)when,while和as的用法when引导的从句中的谓语动词为延续性动词或非延续性动词均可;可用于表示主句动作和从句动作同时发生,也可用于表示从句动作发生在主句动作前。例句When I lived there,I used to go to the park on Sundays.我住在那里时,星期天常去公园。,while强调两个动作同时发生,从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。例句Please dont talk so loud while others are working.其他人工作时,请不要这么大声谈话。从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时发生,可译为“一边,一边”或“随着”。例句She hurried home,looking behind as she went.她匆匆忙忙回家去,一边走一边回头望。His theory proved to be correct as time went on.随着时间的推移,他的理论被证明是正确的。,2)till,until的用法“延续性动词(肯定式)+until/till”表示“动作延续到为止”。例句You may stay here until/till the rain stops.你可以待在这里直到雨停。“非延续性动词(否定式)+until/till”表示“直到才发生”。例句He wont go to bed until she returns.直到她回来他才会上床睡觉。,until用于强调句型:It is not until.that.例句It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.直到你告诉我,我才知道这件事。温馨提示1.till不可置于句首,而until可以。Until you told me I had no idea of it.直到你告诉我,我才知道这件事。2.not until后接从句置于句首时,主句要用部分倒装结构。Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.直到你告诉我,我才知道这件事。,3)since的用法since引导时间状语从句时,表示“自以来;从以后”。从句常用一般过去时,主句用一般现在时、现在完成时或过去完成时,加强语气时可用ever since。常用句型为“It is/has been+时间段+since从句”。例句I havent seen him since he left Beijing.从他离开北京之后我就再没见到他。It is two years since we arrived here.我们到这儿两年了。,since引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词一般用非延续性动词,主句动作时间的起点应为从句动作发生时;从句若用延续性动词,则主句动作时间的起点应为从句动作结束时。例句I have made great progress since I came here.我从来这儿以后取得了很大的进步。It is more than ten months since I worked in the city.我不在这个城市工作有10个多月了。,4)before的用法一般情况下,before表示“在之前”,但在翻译时可灵活处理。例句Before I could get a word in,he had measured me.我还没来得及插话,他就给我量好了尺寸。We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。Please write it down before you forget it.趁你还没有忘记请把它写下来吧。,It will be+一段时间+before.多久之后才It was+一段时间+before.过了多久才例句It will be half a year before I come back.我半年之后才会回来。It was three days before he came back.三天后他才回来。,5)each/every time,next time,the last time,any time,the first time等可直接引导时间状语从句。例句Next time you come,do remember to bring your son here.下次你来这里的时候,一定记着把你儿子带来。Each/Every time I was in trouble,he would come to help me.每当我处于困境,他就会来帮助我。,