促进科技创新范式进化的科技立法变革_魏琼.pdf

科技管理研究Science and Technology Management Research2023 No.22023 年第 2 期doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7695.2023.2.002促进科技创新范式进化的科技立法变革魏 琼（西南交通大学公共管理学院，四川成都610031）摘要：以建构生态系统性科技创新范式为目标反思国内科技立法历史与现状，为我国变革科技立法以促进科技创新范式的进化提供启示。回溯科技创新范式与科技立法的历史变迁可知，与生态系统性创新范式相适应的科技立法具备创造并维护创新主体多样共生性、创新系统自组织演化性和创新环境开放协同性 3 个新功能；进一步分析创新型国家，尤其是美国变革科技立法促进科技创新范式进化的历程，总结得出其以长期系统化的科技立法为根本保证、尽量创造并维护创新主体多样共生性、以市场为主导并以政府为补充提供科技创新动力和全方位构建开放协同的创新环境等经验。我国因促进科技创新范式进化的立法史短而法律量少且有空白，所建构的科技创新主体缺乏多元共生性、创新系统自组织演化动力不足、创新环境开放协调度不高，迫切需要尽快推动科技立法的变革，建构生态系统性创新范式并使其稳定良性地运行。为此，提出加大科技立法资源投入，通过法律促进创新主体多样共生化和科技创新的市场化，明确政府配置科技创新资源的具体职能并提升科技创新环境的开放协同度，促进我国科技创新范式向生态系统性创新范式进化，为实现科技自立自强奠定制度基础。此外，提出为解决“怎样发挥市场主导作用和政府补充作用以激励中小企业参与技术转化和强化国际合作创新”等现实问题提出合理的立法建议，是国内法学未来重要研究方向。关键词：科技创新范式；科技立法；创新激励；立法变革；科技创新；科技与法律中图分类号：D922.17；G301 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000-7695（2023）2-0011-10The Reform of Science and Technology Legislation to Promote the Evolution of Science and Technology Innovation ParadigmWei Qiong(School of Public Management,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031,China)Abstract:This paper rethinks the history and current situation of domestic science and technology legislation with the goal of constructing an ecosystem science and technology innovation paradigm,in order to provide inspiration for Chinas reform of science and technology legislation to promote the evolution of science and technology innovation paradigm.Looking back on the historical changes of the scientific and technological innovation paradigm and the scientific and technological legislation,it can see that the scientific and technological legislation adapted to the ecosystem innovation paradigm has three new functions:creating and maintaining the diversity and symbiosis of the innovation subjects,the self-organization and evolution of the innovation system,and the openness and coordination of the innovation environment.Further it analyzes the process of innovative countries,especially the United States,in reforming scientific and technological legislation to promote the evolution of scientific and technological innovation paradigm,and summarizes its experience in taking long-term systematic scientific and technological legislation as the fundamental guarantee,creating and maintaining the diversity and symbiosis of innovation subjects as much as possible,providing scientific and technological innovation impetus with the market as the leading factor and the government as the supplement,and building an open and collaborative innovation environment in all aspects.Due to the short history of legislation to promote the evolution of the scientific and technological innovation paradigm and the lack of laws and gaps,the constructed scientific and technological innovation subjects lack of multiple symbiosis,the lack of self-organization and evolution dynamics of the innovation system,and the low degree of openness and coordination of the innovation environment,China urgently needs to promote the reform of scientific and technological legislation as soon as possible,construct the ecosystem innovation paradigm and make it operate stably and healthily.To this end,it is proposed to increase the input of scientific and technological legislative resources,promote the diversity and co-production of innovation subjects and the marketization of scientific and technological innovation through law,clarify 收稿日期：2022-05-11，修回日期：2022-09-19基金项目：国家社会科学基金项目“知识嵌入性视角下科技驱动产业集群升级的模式差异与路径选择研究”（18BJY097）12魏琼：促进科技创新范式进化的科技立法变革the specific functions of the government in allocating scientific and technological innovation resources,and improve the openness and synergy of the scientific and technological innovation environment,promote the evolution of Chinas scientific and technological innovation paradigm to the ecosystem innovation paradigm,and lay the institutional foundation for achieving scientific and technological self-reliance.In addition,it is an important research direction of domestic law in the future to put forward reasonable legislative suggestions to solve practical problems such as how to play the leading role of the market and the complementary role of the government to encourage SMEs to participate in technology transformation and strengthen international cooperation and innovation.Key words:scientific and technological innovation paradigm;scientific and technology legislation;innovation incentive;legislative reform;scientific and technological innovation;technology and law科技与法律是现代文明的“双翼”1；制度创新是技术创新的决定性因素2。在立法机关长期持续颁行的法律推动下，美国等创新型国家的科技创新范式已由线性创新进化为系统性创新并逐渐演变成为生态系统性创新3。这种目前最先进的创新范式奠定了美国保持经济繁荣和科技领先的基础4。我国的科技立法史较短，科技创新范式尚在由线性创新向系统性创新范式的进化中5。我国政府工作报告中提出国家优化我国的创新生态，形成多主体协同、全方位推进的创新局面，以及运用市场化机制激励企业创新、强化企业创新主体地位、提升中小微企业创新能力等政策的实施，昭示了我国要尽快趋近生态系统性科技创新范式的决心；我国 2021年新修订的科学技术进步法第四条更是明确规定国家要促进创新生态的持续优化。然而，学界以建构生态系统性科技创新范式为目标反思国内科技立法历史与现状的研究成果不多，因此本研究将探寻创新型国家通过科技立法变革促进科技创新范式进化的变迁历史及其经验，检视我国科技立法的不足并设计促进我国向生态系统性科技创新范式变迁的制度创新内容，用法治的确定性消减科技创新范式进化的不确定性，为实现科技自立自强提供制度根据。1科技立法与科技创新范式的历史变迁范式是科学共同体一起承认的一组内容,所谓科学革命，即是用新的范式取代旧的范式即科学革命6。因此，科技创新范式是一种公认的，依靠其本身