2014年考研英语二模拟测试题及参考答案（五）.pdf

Section I Use of English Directions：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Most people who travel long distance complain of jetlag.Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone 1 making mistakes.It is actually caused by 2 of your body clocka small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological 3 .The body clock is designed for a 4 rhythm of daylight and darkness,so that it is thrown out of balance when it 5 daylight and darkness at the wrong times in a new time zone.The 6 of jetlag often persist for days 7 the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone.Now a new anti-jetlag system is 8 that is based on proven 9 pioneering scientific research.Dr.Martin Moore Ede had 10 a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone 11 controlled exposure to bright light.The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates 12 of the discomfort of jetlag.A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either 13 or avoid bright light.Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse.The proper schedule 14 light exposure depends a great deal on 15 travel plans.Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individuals sleep 16 are used to produce a Trip Guide with 17 on exactly when to be exposed to bright light.When the Trip Guide calls 18 bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible.If it is dark outside,or the weather is bad,19 you are on an aeroplane,you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light 20 for a range of activities such as reading,watching TV or working.1.A.to B.of C.for D.from 2.A.eruption B.disruption C.rupture D.corruption 3.A.actions B.behavior C.functions D.reflection 4.A.formal B.regular C.continual D.circular 5.A.experiences B.possesses C.encounters D.retains 6.A.signs B.defects C.diseases D.symptoms 7.A.if B.whereas C.while D.although 8.A.available B.agreeable C.adaptable D.approachable 9.A.extensive B.tentative C.broad D.inclusive 10.A.devised B.scrutinized C.visualized D.recognized 11.A.in B.as C.at D.through 12.A.more B.little C.most D.least 13.A.shed B.retrieve C.attain D.seek 14.A.in B.for C.on D.with 15.A.specific B.complicated C.unique D.peculiar 16.A.mode B.style C.norm D.pattern 17.A.directories B.commentaries C.instructions D.specifications 考试点w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m118.A.up B.off C.on D.for 19.A.or B.but C.and D.while 20.A.spur B.stimulus C.agitation D.acceleration Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1 When families gather for Christmas dinner,some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandmas generation.Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver,and the dress code will be Sunday-best.But in many other homes,this china-and-silver elegance has given way to a stoneware-and-stainless informality,with dresses assuming an equally casual-Friday look.For hosts and guests,the change means greater simplicity and comfort.For makers of fine china in Britain,it spells economic hard times.Last week Royal Doulton,the largest employer in Stoke-on-Trent,announced that it is eliminating 1,000 jobsonefifth of its total workforce.That brings to more than 4,000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery region.Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier.Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing,the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts.A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company“has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend”toward casual dining.Families eat together less often,he explained,and more people eat alone,either because they are single or they eat in front of television.Even dinner parties,if they happen at all,have gone casual.In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules,busy hosts insist,rightly,that its better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a“real”dinner party.Too often,the perfect moment never comes.Iron a fine-patterned tablecloth?Forget it.Polish the silver?Who has time?Yet the loss of formality has its down side.The fine points of etiquette that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents(“Chew with your mouth closed”“Keep your elbows off the table”)must be picked up elsewhere.Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.21.The trend toward casual dining has resulted in_ A.bankruptcy of fine china manufacturers.B.shrinking of the pottery industry.C.restructuring of large enterprises.D.economic recession in Great Britain.22.Which of the following may be the best reason for casual dining?A.Family members need more time to relax.B.Busy schedules leave people no time for formality.C.People want to practice economy in times of scarcity.D.Young people wont follow the etiquette of the older generation.23.It can be learned from the passage that Royal Doulton is_ 考试点w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m2 A.a retailer of stainless steel tableware.B.a dealer in stoneware.C.a pottery chain store.D.a producer of fine china.24.The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is_ A.the increased value of the pound.B.the economic recession in Asia.C.the change in peoples way of life.D.the fierce competition at home and abroad.25.Refined table manners,though less popular than before in current social life,A.are still a must on certain occasions.B.are bound to return sooner or later.C.are still being taught by parents at home.D.can help improve personal relationships.Text 2 I needed to get some money,so,after Christmas,I took a job in the clothes department at Grahams for the first fortnight of the January sale.I cant say that I enjoyed it,but it was an experience Ill never forget.I could never understand why there were many things in the sales;where did they come from?Now I know the secret!Firstly,there is the special winter sack and the stock that people buy all the year round;some of these things are slightly reduced.Secondly,there are the summer clothes they couldnt sell last year;these are heavily reduced to clear them.Thirdly,there are cheap clothes bought in specially for the sales;these are put at high prices ten days before the sale begins and then are reduced by 60%in the sale.Clever!Lastly,they buy in“seconds”(clothes not in perfect condition)for the sale and they are sold very cheaply.When I arrived half an hour before opening on the first day of the sale,there were already queues around three sides of the building.This made me very nervous.When the big moment arrived to open the doors,the security guards,looking less confident than usual,came up to them,keys in hand.The moment they had unlocked the doors,they hid behind the doors for protection as the noisy crowd crowded in.I couldnt believe my eyes:this wasnt shopping,it was a battlefield.One poor lady couldnt keep her feet and was knocked over by people pushing from behind.Clothes were flying in all directions as people searched for the sizes,colors and styles they wanted.Quarrels broke out.Mothers were using their small children to craw through peoples legs and get hold of things they couldnt get near themselves.Within minutes I had half a dozen people pushing under my nose,each wanting to be the first served.Where had the famous queue gone?The whole day continued like that,but I kept my temper!I was taking money hand over fist and began to realize why,twice a year,Grahams is happy to turn the expensive store into a battlefield like this.In the sale fever,people were spending money like water without thinking whether they needed what they were buying.As long as it was bargain it was OK.You wont believe this,but as soon as I got home I crashed out for four hours.Then I had dinner and went back to bed,feeling the sound of the alarm which would tell me to get ready for the second day of the sale.26.What kind of clothes is likely to be sold 5%cheaper?A.Last summers clothes.B.Clothes for winter.考试点w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m3 C.Clothes bought in specially for the sales.D.Clothes not in perfect condition.27.Which of the following statements is true?A.The customers gave up the manners,which the English are famous for.B.The customers kept their temper while looking for clothes they wanted.C.Small children enjoyed crawling through peoples legs.D.The security guards were fearless of the crowd.28.In the authors opinion,why is Grahams happy to make the expensive store into a“battlefield”?A.There are too many clothes and they want to clear them in the sales.B.They are eager to show that they are clever at doing business.C.They can take the chance to raise the prices of all their clothes.D.They want to make more money by having sales.29.The expression“crashed out”means .A.chatted with friends B.slept soundly C.broke down D.dined out 30.What would be the best title for the passage?A.The Best Bargain B.Hunting for a Job C.Sale Fever D.A Pleasant Fortnight Text 3 Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity,the number of species in a particular ecosystem,to the health of the Earth and human being.Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms,particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain forest habitats.Relatively little has been said,however,about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planets dominant,most distinctive featurethe ocean.Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues.Seen from far away,it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one third of the Earths surface.Given that two thirds of the Earths surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean,the total three dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forests does not seem surprising,considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest.While every species is different from every other species,their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750,000 species of insects.If basic,broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species,then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea.Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.考试点w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m4To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea,it helps to think small.Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100,000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals,including larvas of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.31.What is the main point of the passage?A.Humans are destroying thousands of species.B.There are thousands of insect species.C.The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.D.Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.32.Why does the author compare rain forests and coral reefs（lines 46）?A.They are approximately the same size.B.They share many similar species.C.Most of their inhabitants require water.D.Both have many different forms of life.33.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are .A.insects B.bacteria C.mammals D.birds 34.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forests because .A.more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea B.there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions C.many insect species are too small to divide into categories D.marine life forms reproduce at a faster rate 35.Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?A.Ocean life in highly adaptive.B.More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.C.Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.D.The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.Text 4 Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values.In all cultures,parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the communitys moral precepts.Adults also condition each others observance of social norms,using methods ranging from mild forms of censure,such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark,to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous.The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment.Faced with increasing violence at home,many Americans endorsed Singapores use of corporal punishment to maintain social order.Was Fays punishment effective?Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown,but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singaporewhich he left promptly.The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them.The Gusii of Kenya,with a history of tribal warfare,face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces,including wild animals.Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children.Caning,food deprivation,and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.考试点w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m5 In contrast,the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca,Mexico,are a highly cohesive community,with little internal conflict,and social norms that encourage cooperation.Their social patterns appear adaptive,for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans,who control the official government and many economic resources in their region.The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children.Rather,they tend to rely on soothing persuasion.Social ostracism is the most feared punishment,and social ties within the community are very strong,so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.In the United States,fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining cont