6-ProcessTechnology-V6.07(M46)(1).pptx

Processes and Technology流程设计与技术决策,Russell Ch6-Product design and process selection,Lecture Outline,Basic termsProcess PlanningProcess SelectionProcess AnalysisProcess InnovationTechnology Decisions,基本概念流程规划流程选择流程分析流程创新技术决策,Copyright 2009 John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,6-2,Basic Terms基本术语,Copyright 2009 John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,6-3,Basic Terms基本术语,Process:a group of related tasks with specific inputs and outputs(Russell&Taylor,ed6).Is any part of an organization that takes inputs and transforms them into outputs(Chase ed11).Cycle Time:Is the average successive time between completions of successive units.Utilization:Is the ratio of the time that a resource is actually activated relative to the time that it is available for use.,流程/步骤,节拍/周期,时间利用率,Other Process Terminology,BottleneckOccurs when the limited capacity of a process causes work to pile up or become unevenly distributed in the flow of a processIf an employee works too slow in a multi-stage process,work will begin to pile up in front of that employee.In this case,the employee represents the limited capacity causing the bottleneck.PacingRefers to the fixed timing of the movement of items through the process,瓶颈 定时/周期性,补充术语,LT(Lead time)MLT:manufacturing lead timeWIP(work-in-process)Lot size/batch size,提前期在制品批量,Process Selection流程选择,Copyright 2009 John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,6-7,Types of Processes流程类型,Make-to-order 为订单生产(MTO)Only activated in response to an actual order.Both work-in-process and finished goods inventory kept to a minimum.Make-to-stock 为库存生产(MTS/MTI)Process activated to meet expected or forecast demand.Customer orders are served from target stocking level.Hybrid processes 混合combine the features of both MTO and MTS.,12,Process Flow Structures Hayes&Wheelwright 贺氏/威尔莱特,Job shopBatchAssembly LineContinuous Flow,单件小批量生产/工艺专业化批量生产装配线生产（大量）连续流程生产（大量）,Robert Habert Hayes（贺氏）and Steven Wheetwright（威尔莱特）.Restoring out competitive edge:competing through manufacturing(New York:John Wiley&Sons.1984).P209,Fang Aihua Wuhan University,生产类型的划分-I（按产品品种和数量的需求）,批量生产,大量大批生产,单件小批量生产,Fang Aihua Wuhan University,生产类型的划分-II（按产品品种和数量的需求）,订货间断生产系统,大量连续生产,单项工程,Product-Process Matrix产品-过程矩阵(原始版本),Hayes&Wheelwright 贺氏/威尔莱特The relation between process structure and volume requirements,IV.ContinuousFlow,III.AssemblyLine,II.Batch,I.JobShop,LowVolumeOne of aKind,MultipleProducts,LowVolume,FewMajorProducts,HigherVolume,HighVolume,HighStandardization,CommercialPrinterFrench Restaurant,HeavyEquipmentCoffee Shop,AutomobileAssemblyBurger King,SugarRefinery,Flexibility(High)Unit Cost(High),Flexibility(Low)Unit Cost(Low),Source:Modified from Robert Hayes and Steven Wheelwright,Restoring Our Competitive Edge:Competing through Manufacturing(New York:John Wiley&Sons,1984).p.209.,13,IV.连续流程,III.装配线,II.批量生产,I.单件生产,低产量低标准化,多品种小批量,少品种高产量,商业打印社法国餐厅,重型机械设备咖啡屋,汽车装配厂汉堡包店,制糖厂,弹性(High)单件成本(High),弹性(Low)单件成本(Low),Source:Modified from Robert Hayes and Steven Wheelwright,Restoring Our Competitive Edge:Competing through Manufacturing(New York:John Wiley&Sons,1984).p.209.,13,高产量高标准化,产品结构/产品生命周期,工艺过程类型,Process Selection 流程选择,Projectsone-of-a-kind production of a product to customer orderBatch productionprocesses many different jobs at the same time in groups or batchesMass productionproduces large volumes of a standard product for a mass marketContinuous productionused for very-high volume commodity products,项目批量生产大规模生产连续流程生产,Copyright 2009 John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,6-15,Copyright 2009 John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,6-16,PROJECT,BATCH,Types of Processes（1/4）,Type of product产品类型,Unique独特,Made-to-order(customized)面向订单生产(定制),Source:Adapted from R.Chase,N.Aquilano,and R.Jacobs,Operations Management for Competitive Advantage(New York:McGraw-Hill,2001),p.210,Type of customer客户类型,One-at-a-time一次一个,Few individualCustomers个别,MASS,Made-to-stock(standardized)面向库存生产(标准化),MassMarket大众市场,CONT.,Commodity大宗商品,MassMarket大众市场,Product demand产品需求,Infrequent稀少,Fluctuates波动,Stable稳定,Very stable很稳定,Copyright 2009 John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,6-17,PROJECT,BATCH,Types of Processes(2/4),Demand volume需求量,Very low,Low to medium,Source:Adapted from R.Chase,N.Aquilano,and R.Jacobs,Operations Management for Competitive Advantage(New York:McGraw-Hill,2001),p.210,No.of different products产品差异化,Infinite variety,Many,varied,MASS,High,Few,CONT.,Very high,Very few,Production system生产系统,Long-term project长期项目,Discrete,job shops离散、工艺专业化,Repetitive,assembly lines重复，装配线,Continuous,process industries连续、流程式产业,Copyright 2009 John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,6-18,PROJECT,BATCH,Types of Processes(3/4),Equipment设备,Varied多样化,General-purpose通用,Source:Adapted from R.Chase,N.Aquilano,and R.Jacobs,Operations Management for Competitive Advantage(New York:McGraw-Hill,2001),p.210,Primary type of work基本工作类型,Specialized contracts专门合同,Fabrication加工,MASS,Special-purpose专用,Assembly装配,CONT.,Highly automated高度自动化,Mixing,treating,refining混合、处理、提炼,Worker skills工人技能,Experts,crafts-persons专家、能手,Wide range of skills多种技能,Limited range of skills少量技能,Equipment monitors设备看管,Copyright 2009 John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,6-19,PROJECT,BATCH,Types of Processes(4/4),Advantages优势,Custom work,latest technology定制、新技术,Flexibility,quality柔性、高质量（？）,Source:Adapted from R.Chase,N.Aquilano,and R.Jacobs,Operations Management for Competitive Advantage(New York:McGraw-Hill,2001),p.210,Dis-advantages劣势,Non-repetitive,small customer base,expensive重复性低、客户少、贵,Costly,slow,difficult toManage贵、慢、难管,MASS,Efficiency,speed,low cost高效、快、低耗,Capital investment;lack of responsiveness投资大、反应慢,CONT.,Highly efficient,large capacity,ease of control高效、高产、易控,Difficult to change,far-reaching errors,limited variety僵化,Examples例子,Construction建筑,shipbuilding造船,spacecraft航天,Machine shops机械车间,print shops印刷厂,Bakeries面包房,Education 教育,