第54篇译文老师笔记.docx

1.让小罪犯花费他们生命中数月或者是数年的时间与其他通常是惯犯待在一起，肯定会对小罪犯带来负面的影响，而且易受影响的年轻人会很容易被拉入不良帮派。 Making small-time criminals （1.小罪犯）spend months or years of their life with other, often more hardened criminals （2.惯犯）is bound to have a negative influence on them, and impressionable （3.易受影响的）young people can easily get drawn into the wrong crowd（4.不良帮派）.   1- small-time criminals 词典释义： small-time   UK ['smɔ:l.taɪm] US ['smɑ:l-] disapproving  adjective  ■not very successful or important 不起眼的，不很成功的 •a small-time crook手段不高明的骗子 •a small-time theatre二流剧院   criminal ●●●●○ 1.N-COUNT可数名词 罪犯 A criminal is a person who regularly commits crimes. •A group of gunmen attacked a prison and set free nine criminals in Moroto.一伙持枪歹徒袭击了莫罗托的一所监狱，放走了9名罪犯。   外刊例句： They   were small-time criminals with a   reputation for thuggish behaviour.（） 他们是群以野蛮行为闻名的小罪犯。   替换表达：petty criminals    2- hardened criminals  词典释义： hardened UK ['hɑ:.dənd] US ['hɑ:r-] adjective  a hardened criminal/detective,   etc.  ■someone who has had a lot of bad experiences and as a   result does not get upset or shocked 老练的罪犯／侦探等 be/become hardened to sth  ■to develop a way of dealing with a sad situation so that   it no longer upsets you 变得对…不在乎 •You see all sorts of terrible things when you're a nurse   so you become hardened to it.以前当护士时见过各种可怕的事，于是你就对这些习以为常了。   外刊例句： Second, it avoids mixing minor offenders with more hardened criminals, who will  teach them bad habits. （） 其次，它避免了把小罪犯和惯犯混在一起，而后者可会教前者不少坏习惯。   替换表达：habitual criminals/offenders/recidivists     3- impressionable  词典释义： impressionable [ɪm'preʃ.ən.ə.bl] often disapproving  adjective  ■describes someone, usually a young person, who is very   easily influenced by the people around them and by what they are told, and   who sometimes copies other people's behaviour （通常指年轻人）易受影响的   •He's at that impressionable age when   he's very easily led by other children.他正处于那个易受影响的年龄，行为非常容易受其他孩子左右。   外刊例句： Also, as teens are so impressionable, the concern is that their opinion might be overly   swayed by others and override their decision-making.（） 而且，因为年轻人禁容易受人影响，（我们因此）担忧，他们的意见会完全受其他人所掌控，丧失抉择能力。   替换表达：susceptible / suggestible / be easily influenced     4- the wrong crowd   词典释义： wrong  ADVANCED   ■describes   something that is not considered to be socially acceptable or suitable 不正当的；不可取的 •She got in with the wrong crowd (= a group   of people who were not considered socially acceptable) at university.她上大学时结交了一群狐群狗党。  crowd 4. : a group of people with something (as a habit, interest,   occupation) in common : an exclusive company : set,   clique    < the cocktail crowd >    < the Hollywood crowd >    < I don't like him or his crowd >    < in with the wrong crowd >   外刊例句： Everyone   knows that hanging out with the wrong   crowd can get you in trouble.（） 每个人都知道，与不良帮派为伍会惹上麻烦。   替换表达：criminal gangs     Making small-time criminals spend months or   years of their life with other, often more hardened criminals is bound to   have a negative influence on them, and impressionable young people can easily   get drawn into the wrong crowd.   [分析]本句是一个由and连接的并列句。前一分句中，动句词短语Making small-time   criminals spend months or years of their life with other, often more hardened   criminals作主语，这是一个make sb. do sth.结构，另外，often more hardened criminals是other的同位语；is bound to have作谓语；a negative influence作宾语；on them作状语。后一分句是一个被动结构，impressionable   young people是主语，can easily get drawn是谓语，into the wrong crowd是状语。   2. 监狱或许能满足某些人的正义感，但实际上它既不能起到威慑作用，有时候还会让小罪犯变成职业罪犯。 Prison may satisfy some people's sense of justice, but in truth it does not serve as a deterrent （1.震慑）and sometimes turns minor offenders into career criminals（2.职业罪犯）.      1- deterrent   词典释义： deterrent ●○○○○ 1.N-COUNT 可数名词   威慑力量;威慑因素;遏制物 A deterrent is something that prevents people from doing something by making   them afraid of what will happen to them if they do it. •They seriously believe that capital punishment is a deterrent...他们真的相信死刑具有威慑作用。 •The tough new law should act as a deterrent.这项严厉的新法将起到威慑作用。   外刊例句： This matters for policy, as it suggests that   locking vast numbers of people in jail is not only expensive, but useless as   a deterrent. （） 这对政策来说很重要，因为它认为，把大部分人关进监狱不但成本高昂，而且也起不到什么威慑作用。     2- career criminals   词典释义： career UK [kə'rɪər] US [-'rɪr] noun countable   ESSENTIAL   ■the job or series of jobs that you do during your working   life, especially if you continue to get better jobs and earn more money 生涯，职业；事业 •He's hoping for a career in the police   force/ as a police officer.他希望当一名员警。 •When he retires he will be able to look back over a brilliant   career (= a working life which has been very successful).等退休的时候，他可以回顾自己光辉灿烂的职业生涯。 •It helps if you can move a few rungs up the career ladder   before taking time off to have a baby.如果你能在事业的阶梯上再攀登几级然后再去休假生小孩，那样会好一些。 •I took this new job because I felt that the career prospects   were much better.我接受了这份新工作，因为我觉得它的职业前景更好。 •Elaine has become a real career woman/girl   (= is interested in and spends most of her time on her job).伊莱恩成为了一名真正的职业女性。 •Judith is very career -minded/-oriented (=   gives a lot of attention to her job). 裘蒂丝事业心很强。   外刊例句： Most career   criminals do not benefit from a company pension scheme – unless it's one   they fiddled for themselves. （） 职业罪犯大多没有公司养老保险——除了他们自己的欺诈公司。   替换表达：professional criminals   学生错误表达：Vocational/occupational   criminals 点评：没有vocational/occupational   criminals的说法，这里应该改为career/professional criminals   3.监狱应该被看作是针对那些对社会真正有威胁的罪犯的最后手段，而不是处理不良分子的垃圾桶。判决应该关注如何让罪犯做一些有用的事情，或者最好是能让他们学一些有用的东西，这样他们能获得成就感。 Prison should be seen as a last resort （1.最后手段）for those who pose a genuine risk to society, not a bin to toss undesirables（2.不良分子）. Sentencing should focus on getting offenders to do something useful, or better still （3.最好）learn something useful, so that they can get a sense of achievement.    1- a last resort  词典释义： resort UK [rɪ'zɔ:t] US [-'zɔ:rt] noun  ACTION 行动  uncountable  ■when you have to   do something because there is no other way of achieving something 诉诸；凭借；采用 •He got hold of the money legally, without resort   to violence.他没有采取暴力手段，而是透过合法途径拿到了这笔钱。 UK [rɪ'zɔ:t] US [-'zɔ:rt] noun  be your last resort  ■to be the only   person or thing that might be able to help you, when every other person or   possibility has failed 是最后的求助对象；是最后的出路；是最后的办法   •You have to help me - you're my last resort.你一定要帮我——你是我最后的希望了。   外刊例句： The nationalisation of mines in South Africa   is a costly, high-risk proposition that should be adopted only as a last resort, an independent   panel of experts is reported to have concluded after a year-long study of the   policy in 14 countries. （） 专家调查小组在长年研究了14个国家的政策后，总结道，南非的矿产国有化方案耗资甚大且风险极高，实乃万不得已的最后手段。   替换表达：a final resort   学生错误表达：The last method 点评：the last method是指“排在最后面的一种方法”，它并没有包含“最终手段”这一层含义。     2- undesirables   词典释义： undesirables   UK [ˌʌn.dɪ'zaɪə.rə.blz] US [-'zaɪr.ə-] often humorous  plural noun  ■people whose behaviour or appearance makes them   unacceptable in society or at a particular occasion 不受欢迎的人，令人讨厌的人 •There are guards on the door to keep out (the) undesirables.门口有警卫，会把不受欢迎的人挡在门外。   外刊例句： A   lot of "undesirables" are thought to have been moved on to less visible districts.（） 很多人认为，许多“不良分子”都已搬到了其他没那么显眼的街区。     3- better still   词典释义： better still (also even better)    ■used to say that a particular choice would be more satisfactory 干脆，不如   •Why don't you give her a call or, better   still, go and see her? 你为什么不打个电话给她，或者干脆亲自去找她？   外刊例句： Victims of a warming world may be caught in a   bureaucratic limbo unless things are done to ease—and better still, pre-empt—their travails. （） 全球变暖的受害者可能会受制于官僚主义的犹豫不决。除非这些官僚能采取行动，甚至最好就是能预先行动，否则他们的痛苦将难以缓解。   替换表达：even better     Q：最后手段 a last resort ,是固定搭配吗？用 the last resort也可以吧，就是指最后一个，不指之一。 A：这里用a/the last resort都可以，它们的含义都是“最终手段”。     Prison should be seen as a last resort for   those who pose a genuine risk to society, not a bin to toss undesirables.   [分析]本句是一个被动结构，Prison是主语，should be seen是谓语，as a last resort…直到结尾是主语补足语，其中包括了一个who引导的定语从句，修饰those，另外，as a last resort …not a bin包含了一种取舍关系，肯定前者而否定后者。   4. 从古至今，人类就一直在讨论正义以及如何最好地惩治犯罪的话题。最简单的方法之一是对于每类犯罪都施以固定的惩罚。一些人支持这种做法。 Since ancient times, humans have been discussing the topic of justice and how best to punish crimes（1.怎样最好地惩治犯罪）. One of the simplest ways is to have fixed punishments（2.固定的惩罚） for each type of offence, an approach that finds favour with （3.被……支持）some.   1- how best to punish crimes 注意此处best是副词，放在了how to do sth中间。   词典释义： best adverb superlative of well   1. in a way that is better than any other最好地: •It works best if   you let it warm up first.如果先把它预热一下，使用效果最佳。 •This can best be   described as a series of steps.最恰当的说法就是，这是一步步的过程。 •the best-dressed man in Paris巴黎穿着最讲究的男人   外刊例句： Spend time exploring how best to reach your customers and ensure that your product is readily available in the places your target market shops.（） 花时间去探索如何最好地找到目标顾客，并确保你的产品已在目标超市商场上架。   替换表达：the best way to do sth     2- fixed punishments   词典释义： fixed [fɪkst] adjective  ARRANGED 安排的   ADVANCED   ■arranged or decided already and not able to be changed 确定的；固定的；不能变的 •a fixed price固定价格 •fixed   interest rates固定利率 •Is the date of the wedding fixed yet? 婚礼日期确定了吗？   punishment   ['pʌn.ɪʃ.mənt] noun  CRIME 罪行   IMPROVER  countable or uncountable  ■when someone is punished 惩罚，处罚；受罚   •Many people think that the death penalty is too severe a punishment   for any crime.许多人认为对于无论何种罪行来说，死刑都过于严厉了。 •formal It   was always our father who administered/meted out punishments.予以／给予惩罚的人一直是我们的父亲。 •Drink-driving is one case where severe punishment   seems to work as a deterrent.酒后驾车是证明严惩似乎能起威慑作用的一个例子。   外刊例句： Although the courts would still impose fixed punishments, prisoners deemed a threat to the public would be denied release at the end of their sentences.（） 尽管法庭施加的仍是固定惩罚，但囚犯若鉴定为威胁公众，则到刑期结束时将仍无法得到释放。     3- finds favour with   词典释义： 17. find favour (with sb / sth) formal be liked or approved of by someone得宠，受青睐: •The recipes   rapidly found favour with restaurant owners.这些食谱很快就受到了餐馆老板的青睐。   外刊例句： Cambodia is a member of the Association of South-East Asian Nations, ASEAN, as is Myanmar, whose military government finds favour with China.（） 柬埔寨是东盟的一员，和缅甸一样。缅甸的军政府受中国支持。   替换表达：secure/receive support from sb