2018年考研英语（二）试题.pdf

2018 年全国硕士研究生年全国硕士研究生招生招生考试英语（二）试题考试英语（二）试题 Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful?Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty,according to a recent study in Psychological Science.The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .In a series of four experiments,behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity.For one 5 ,each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment.The twist?Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified;another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified.7 left alone in the room,the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 .Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli,9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans,much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago.Curiosity is often considered a good instinctit can 12 new scientific advances,for instancebut sometimes such 13 can backfire.The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 ,however.In a final experiment,participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image.These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on ones curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor.“Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity.”Hsee says.In other words,dont read online comments.1.A resolve B protect C discuss D ignore 2.A refuse B wait C seek D regret 3.A rise B last C mislead D hurt 4.A alert B tie C expose D treat 5.A message B trial C review D concept 6.A remove B weaken C deliver D interrupt 7.A Unless B If C Though D When 8.A happen B continue C disappear D change 9.A rather than B such as C regardless of D owing to 10.A disagree B forgive C forget D discover 11.A pay B marriage C food D schooling 12.A begin with B rest on C learn from D lead to 13.A withdrawal B inquiry C persistence D diligence 14.A self-destructive B self-reliant C self-evident D self-deceptive 15.A resist B define C replace D trace 16.A predict B overlook C design D conceal 17.A remember B choose C promise D pretend 18.A relief B plan C outcome D duty 19.A whether B why C where D how 20.A limitations B investments C strategies D consequences Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1 It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr.Koziatek is part of something pioneering.He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization,but practical.When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?As Koziatek knows,there is learning in just about everything.Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum.They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But hes also found a kind of insidious prejudice.Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority.Schools in the family of vocational education“have that stereotypethat its for kids who cant make it academically,”he says.On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of Americas evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the U.S.economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated.More education is the new principle.We want more for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelors degrees for alland the subtle devaluing of anything lessmisses an important point:Thats not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelors degree opens more doors.But even now,54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs,but the workers who need those jobs most arent equipped to do them.Koziateks Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziateks school is a wake-up call.When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks overlooking a nations diversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students lack of .A mechanical memorization B academic training C practical ability D pioneering spirit 22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who .A are financially disadvantaged B are not academically successful C have a stereotyped mind D have no career motivation 23.We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates .A are entitled to more educational privileges B are reluctant to work in manufacturing C used to have more job opportunities D used to have big financial concerns 24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all .A helps create a lot of middle-skill jobs B may narrow the gap in working-class jobs C is expected to yield a better-trained workforce D indicates the overvaluing of higher education 25.The authors attitude toward Koziateks school can be described as .A supportive B disappointed C tolerant D cautious Text 2 While fossil fuelscoal,oil,gasstill generate roughly 85 percent of the worlds energy supply,its clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world:They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources.But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables,especially wind and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland,for example,wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes the lead,notably China and Europe,the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March,for the first time,wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the U.S.,reported the U.S.Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuelsespecially coalas the path to economic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa,he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in Iowa,where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the states electricity generationand where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesnt blow or the sun doesnt shine?”has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers,who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While theres a long way to go,the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding upperhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington doesor doesnt doto promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26.The word“plummeting”(Para.2)is closest in meaning to .A stabilizing B changing C falling D rising 27.According to Paragraph 3,the use of renewable energy in America .A is progressing notably B is as extensive as in Europe C faces many challenges D has proved to be impractical 28.It can be learned that in Iowa,.A wind is a widely used energy source B wind energy has replaced fossil fuels C tech giants are investing in clean energy D there is a shortage of clean energy supply 29.Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A Its application has boosted battery storage.B It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy .A will bring the U.S.closer to other countries B will accelerate global environmental change C is not really encouraged by the U.S.government D is not competitive enough with regard to its cost Text 3 The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishingAmazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn,but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service,which doesnt have any physical product at all.What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities,but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through.Even without knowing what was in the messages,the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be.What political journalist,what party whip,would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Mays enemies are currently plotting?It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns,but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power.But it is clumsy.For one thing,it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy.By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace,to be replaced by new abuses of power.But there is a deeper conceptual problem,too.Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services dont pay for them.The users of their services are not their customers.That would be the people who buy advertising from themand Facebook and Google,the two virtual giants,dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product theyre selling is data,and we,the users,convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed,so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield.Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed;Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.It doesnt feel like a human or democratic relationship,even if both sides benefit.31.According to Paragraph 1,Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its .A digital products B user information C physical assets D quality service 32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may .A worsen political disputes B mess up customer records C pose a risk to Facebook users D mislead the European commission 33.According to the author,competition law .A should serve the new market powers B may worsen the economic imbalance C should not provide just one legal solution D cannot keep pace with the changing market 34.Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because .A they are not defined as customers B they are not financially reliable C the services are generally digital D the services are paid for by advertisers 35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate .A a win-win business model between digital giants B a typical competition pattern among digital giants C the benefits provided for digital giants customers D the relationship between digital giants and their users Text 4 To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep Work:Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World,recommends building a habit of“deep work”the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep workbe it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a“journalistic”approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day.Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends“deep scheduling”to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“At any given point,I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar,I protect this time like I would a doctors appointment or important meeting,”he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritise your dayin particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford,author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy,we also need to embrace downtime,or as Newport suggests,“be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to the brain as vitamin D is to the body.idleness is,paradoxically,necessary to getting any work done,”he argues.Srini Pillay,an