IT词语集锦.pdf

计算机软件水平考试资料之IT新词集锦 湖州师范学院网络中心 曹宇 编 IT 新词集锦 IT 新词集锦 Fire walking A technique for testing the vulnerability of a firewall and mapping the routers of a network that sits behind a firewall.Fire walking is a method of disguising port scans.In practical applications,fire walking is similar to trace routing and works by sending into the firewall TCP or UDP packets that have a TTL set at one hop greater than the targeted firewall.If the packet makes it through the gateway,it is forwarded to the next hop where the TTL equals zero and elicits a TTL“exceeded in transit”message,at which point the packet is discarded.Using this method,access information on the firewall can be determined if successive probe packets are sent.防火墙 一项测试防火墙弱点和绘制防火墙后面网络上的路由器分布的技术。防火墙是一种伪装端口扫描的方法。在实际应用中，趟火墙与路由跟踪技术类似，工作时把一跳的生存时间字段设定大于目标防火墙的 TCP 或 UDP 包送进防火墙。如果该包通过了网关，它就转到下一跳，这时生存时间为零并得出生存时间“传输超时”的信息，在此情况下该包被废弃。利用此法，如果发送连续的探测包，就能确定防火墙上的接入信息。Typo squatting Slang.Registering a domain name that is a variation on a popular domain name with the expectation that the site will get traffic off of the popular site because of a users misspelling of the name.For example,registering the domain names or in the hopes that someone making a typo will get to that site unexpectedly.注册近似域名 （俚语）注册流行域名的变种，希望如果用户把该流行网站的名字拼错时，能从该流行网站拉些流量过来。例如，注册 或 域名，希望有人打字出错而意想不到地进入这些网站。Cyber squatting Cyber squatting is the act of registering a popular Internet addressusually a company namewith the intent of selling it to its rightful owner.（域名）抢注 （域名）抢注是指注册一个流行的因特网地址（通常是公司的名字）的行为，意图是把它卖给合法的拥有者。Inode Data structures that contain information about files in Unix file systems that are created when a file system is created.Each file has an inode and is identified by an inode number(i-number)in the file system where it resides.inodes provide important information on files such as user and group ownership,access mode(read,write,execute permissions)and type.A files inode number can be found using the ls-i command,while the ls-l command will retrieve inode information.信息点 这是一种数据结构，它包含了 Unix 文件系统中文件的信息，它是在生成系统时生成的。每个文件有一信息点，在其所在的文件系统中，它用信息点编号（i-number）来识别。信息点提供了文件的重要信息，如用户和用户组的拥有权、访问方式（允许读、写、还是执行）和类型。文件的信息点编号可以用“ls-i”命令找到，用“ls-l”命令能检索信息点的信息。Bloat ware Software that has lots of features and requires considerable disk space and RAM.As the cost of RAM and disk storage has decreased,there has been a growing trend among software developers to disregard the size of applications.Some people refer to this trend as creeping featuritis.If creeping featuritis is the symptom,bloat ware is the disease.超大件 计算机软件水平考试资料之IT新词集锦 湖州师范学院网络中心 曹宇 编 拥有大量特色和需要很多磁盘和 RAM 空间的软件。随着 RAM 和磁盘存储设备成本的下降，出现了开发人员不管应用软件大小的趋势。有些人称这种趋势为爬行特性主义。如果说爬行特性主义是征兆的话，超大件就是疾病。Enterprise Search Platforms ESPs(enterprise search platforms)is the collection of some technologies,these new,comprehensive bundles of search and integration technologies unlock information tucked away in data stores across the enterprise.The goal of ESPs is deceptively simple:to take fairly simple queries and return the most relevant results possible,all in one place.But under the hood,ESPs aggregate a host of emerging technologies such as auto categorization,entity extraction,and NLP(natural language processing).With an ESP as a foundation,businesses can build customized search applications while automating the process of preparing documents for archiving and indexing.企业搜索平台 ESPs（企业搜索平台）是一组新的、综合性的搜索和集成技术的总和，它们能把那些深藏在企业内部的数据显露出来。ESP 的目标是让事情看起来非常简单:提交一个简单的请求，返回一个最可能相关的结果，这些结果集中在一起。但是在简单的外表背后，ESPs 综合了多种技术，如自动分类、内容抽取和自然语言处理等。以 ESP 为基础，企业能定制自己的应用，为文档的归档和索引自动做好准备。Topic maps Topic maps are a way to represent knowledge structures and their relationships to information resources.Based on XML,topic maps are related in concept to but more powerful and inclusive than book indexes.Topic maps are a promising approach,still in its infancy.主题图 主题图是一种表示知识结构以及它们与信息资源关系的方法。主题图是基于 XML 的，在概念上，它与书籍索引有关，但比后者更强大、更广泛。主题图是一种有前途的方法，现尚处于起步阶段。Soft lifting This is the most common form of piracy.Sharing a program with a friend or associate is soft lifting.To stop this kind of piracy in businesses and institutions,software publishers offer multi-user licenses,which are cheaper than buying single copies for every machine.软 偷 这是最常见的软件盗版形式。与朋友或同伴分享程序就是软偷。为了阻止在公司和机构中的这种盗版行为，软件商提供多用户许可证，它比为每台机器购买单用户拷贝便宜。Web Services Description Language(WSDL)WSDL is an XML-based language used to describe the services a business offers and to provide a way for individuals and other businesses to access those services electronically.WSDL is the cornerstone of UDDI initiative spearheaded by Microsoft,IBM,and Ariba.UDDI is an XML-based registry for businesses worldwide,which enables businesses to list themselves and their services on the Internet.WSDL is the language used to do this.WSDL is derived from Microsofts Simple Object Access Protocol(SOAP)and IBMs Network Accessible Service Specification Language(NASSL).WSDL replaces both NASSL and SOAP as the means of expressing business services in the UDDI registry.Web 服务描述语言（WSDL）WSDL是一种基于XML的语言，用于描述公司提供的服务以及为个人和其他公司用电子的方法访问这些服务提供的方法。WSDL是微软、IBM 和 Ariba 公司率先提出的 UDDI 倡议的基石。UDDI 是供世界范围内的公司用的、基于 XML 的注册，让各公司将他们自己及其提供的服务在因特网上列出来。WSDL 就是做此事的语言。WSDL 源于微软的简单对象访问协议（SOAP）和 IBM 的网络可访问服务规范语言（NASSL）。WSDL 替代了 NASSL 和 SOAP，作为在 UDDI 注册中表达商业服务的手段。-2-计算机软件水平考试资料之IT新词集锦 湖州师范学院网络中心 曹宇 编 Simple Object Access Protocol(SOAP)SOAP is a way for a program running in one kind of operating system to communicate with a program in the same or another kind of an operating system by using HTTP and XML as the mechanisms for information exchange.Since Web protocols are installed and available for use by all major operating system platforms,HTTP and XML provide an already at-hand solution to the problem of how programs running under different operating systems in a network can communicate with each other.SOAP specifies exactly how to encode an HTTP header and an XML file so that a program in one computer can call a program in another computer and pass it information.It also specifies how the called program can return a response.SOAP was developed by Microsoft,DevelopMentor,and Userland Software and has been proposed as a standard interface to the Internet Engineering Task Force.An advantage of SOAP is that program calls are much more likely to get through firewall servers that screen out requests other than those for known applications(through the designated port mechanism).Since HTTP requests are usually allowed through firewalls,programs using SOAP to communicate can be sure that they can communicate with programs anywhere.简单对象访问协议（SOAP）SOAP 是在一种操作系统下运行的程序如何与在同一种或另一种操作系统下运行的程序进行通信的方法，它们利用 HTTP 和XML 语言作为信息交换的机制。自从所有主要的操作系统都安装和能利用各种 Web 协议后，HTTP 和 XML 为同一网络中在不同操作系统下运行的程序之间如何通信这一问题提供了一个有效的解决方案。SOAP 对 HTTP 的报头和 XML 文件如何编写做出了精确的规定，因而一台计算机中的程序能调用另一台计算机中的程序和向它传送信息。它也规定了调用的程序如何返回响应。SOAP 是由微软、DevelopMentor 和 Userland 软件公司开发的，已经向因特网工程任务组提议将它作为一种标准接口。SOAP 的优点是程序调用更有可能通过防火墙服务器得到，该服务器（通过指定的端口机制）可以滤掉对已知应用程序调用以外的请求。由于 HTTP 请求一般是通过防火墙实现的，所以利用 SOAP 进行通信的程序能得到保证，它们能与任何地方的程序进行通信。Mammoth Mammoth is a magnetic tape and drive system used for computer data storage and archiving.The tapes measure eight millimeters(8 mm)across.A helical scanning technique is used to optimize the data transfer and storage rates.Mammoth is one of several high-volume,high-speed tape drives developed in recent years.Some examples of competing devices include the linear tape open(LTO)drive,the advanced intelligent tape(AIT)drive,and the DLT drive.猛犸象磁带系统 猛犸象磁带和驱动系统是供计算机存储数据和归档用的。该磁带的宽度为 8 毫米。为优化数据传输和存储速度采用了螺旋扫描技术。它是近年来开发的几种大容量、高速度磁带驱动器之一。与之相竞争的设备有线性磁带开放（LTO）驱动器、高智能磁带（AIT）驱动器和数字线性磁带（DLT）驱动器。Panther Panther is the code name for version 10.3 of OS X of the Apple Macintosh operating system.The first Mac OS X release had the code name Cheetah.Mac OS X 10.1 was called Puma,and Mac OS X 10.2 was called Jaguar.黑豹版本 黑豹是苹果公司 Macintosh 机操作系统 OS X 10.3 版的代号。Mac OS X 的第一个版本的代号叫印度豹。Mac OS X 10.1 版叫美洲豹，而 Mac OS X 10.2 版叫美洲虎。Python Python is an interpreted,object-oriented programming language similar to Perl,that has gained popularity because of its clear syntax and readability.Python is said to be relatively easy to learn and portable,meaning its statements can be interpreted in a number of operating systems,including Unix-based systems,and various versions of Microsoft Windows 98.Python was created by Guido van Rossum,a former resident of the Netherlands,whose favorite comedy group at the time was Monty Pythons Flying Circus.The source code is freely available and open for modification and reuse.Python has a significant number of users.Python 编程语言 -3-计算机软件水平考试资料之IT新词集锦 湖州师范学院网络中心 曹宇 编 Python（原意为蟒蛇）是类似于 Perl 的解释型、面向对象的编程语言，由于它的语法清晰、可读性强，所以十分流行。据称，Python 比较容易学习，可移植，这意味着它能被多种操作系统解释，包括基于 Unix 的系统和微软 Windows 98 的各种版本。Python是由原来居住在荷兰的 Guido van Rossum 创造的，当时他最喜欢的喜剧团体是 Monty Python 的飞人马戏团。其源码能免费获得，并开放供修改和复用。Python 拥有大量使用者。Sheep,Goats,Lambs and Wolves The terms come from a research paper on speech recognition published in 1998 by George L.Doddington.The paper,“Sheep,Goats,Lambs and Wolves-An Analysis of Individual Differences in Speaker Recognition Performance”used a menagerie analogy to explain the differences in speech recognition.Sheep were speakers whose voice patterns were easily accepted by the system,goats were speakers who were exceptionally unsuccessful at being accepted,lambs were speakers who were exceptionally vulnerable to impersonation,and wolves were speakers who were exceptionally successful at impersonation.Because false rejection rates are often high when testing a biometric verification system,goats are probably better known than the other animals in Doddingtons menagerie.绵羊、山羊、羊羔和狼型用户 这些名称来源于 George L.Doddington 在 1998 年发表的一篇有关语音识别的论文。这篇题为“绵羊、山羊、羊羔和狼说话者识别性能中个体差异性分析”的论文，利用动物来比喻语音识别中的差异性。绵羊是那些声音容易被系统接受的说话者，山羊是非常不容易被接受的说话者，羊羔是声音容易被别人模仿的说话者，而狼是模仿别人说话很成功的人。由于测试生物统计验证系统时虚假拒绝率常常很高，所以在 Doddington 的“动物园”里山羊最出名。SQUID SQUID is a program that caches Web and other Internet content in a Unix-based proxy server closer to the user than the content-originating site.SQUID is provided as open source software and can be used under the GNU license of the Free Software Foundation.鱿鱼程序 鱿鱼程序能在基于 Unix 的代理服务中缓存 Web 和其他因特网内容，使之比内容出处的网站更靠近用户。鱿鱼程序是作为开放源码软件提供的，能按自由软件基金会的 GNU 许可方式使用。Spider A spider is a program that visits Web sites and reads their pages and other information in order to create entries for a search engine index.The major search engines on the Web all have such a program,which is also known as a“crawler”or a“bot”.Spiders are called spiders because they usually visit many sites in parallel at the same time,their“legs”spanning a large area of the“web”.Spiders can crawl through a sites pages in several ways.One way is to follow all the hypertext links in each page until all the pages have been read.蜘蛛程序 蜘蛛是一个程序，能访问网站、阅读其页面，以便为搜索引擎生成索引。万维网上的主要搜索引擎都有这样的程序，它也叫“爬行程序”或“机器人程序”。蜘蛛程序之所以被叫做这个名字，是因为它同时能并行地访问多个网站，其“腿”可以跨在“网”上很大一片区域。蜘蛛程序可以用多种方法在页面上爬行。其中一个方法就是追踪每个页面中的所有超文本链接，直至所有的页面读完为止。Web Clipping (v.)Extracting static information from a Web site in order to display the data on a Web-enabled PDA.The idea behind Web clipping is to conserve the PDAs resources by extracting once any static data,such as graphics,logos,photos or even unnecessary text and storing that data on the PDA.The PDA will then make a wireless connection to a Web server in order to retrieve any dynamic content.(n.)An excerpt of data taken from a Web server.Web 剪辑 （作动词）为了在有 Web 功能的 PDA 上显示数据，从网站提取静态内容。Web 剪辑背后的思想是通过一次性提取静态数据（如图形、标记、照片、甚至不必要的文本）并把它们储存在 PDA 上，从而节省 PDA 的资源。然后 PDA 通过无线连接到 Web 服务器上，以便检索动态内容。-4-计算机软件水平考试资料之IT新词集锦 湖州师范学院网络中心 曹宇 编 （作名词）摘自 Web 服务器上的一段数据。WCA Short for Web clipping application,an application that allows users to extract static information from a Web server and load the data onto a Web-enabled PDA.WCAs are also called query applications.WCA Web 剪辑应用程序的缩写，该应用程序允许用户从 Web 服务器上提取静态信息，并将数据装载到有 Web 功能的 PDA 上。WCA 有时也叫查询应用程序。DAM Short for digital asset management,a system that creates a centralized repository for digital files that allows the content to be archived,searched and retrieved.The digital content is stored in databases called asset repositories while metadata such as photo captions,article key words,advertiser names,contact names,file names or low-resolution thumbnail images are stored in separate databases called media catalogs and point to the original items.Digital asset management also is known as enterprise digital asset management,media asset management or digital asset warehousing.DAM “数字资产管理”的缩写，它是指生成数字文件集中保存处的系统，而数字文件是能被归档、搜索和检索的内容。这些数字内容储存在叫做资产保存处的数据库中，而元数据，如照片说明、文章关键词、广告主名称、联系人姓名、文件名称、或低分辨率的指甲大小照片储存在另外的称做媒体目录的数据库中，并指向原始项目。数字资产管理也称企业数字资产管理、媒体资产管理或数字资产仓库。AToM Short for Any Transport over MPLS,a technology developed by Cisco for transporting Layer 2 packets over an IP/MPLS backbone.The technology is designed to let ISPs combine multiple disparate data networks such as Ethernet,ATM,Frame Relay,and Serial/PPP networks onto a single MPLS-based backbone to save operational costs.AToM is sometimes called Layer 2 MPLS.AToM “在 MPLS 上传输”的缩写，这是一项由思科公司开发的技术，将第二层的包通过 IP/MPLS 主干网传输。此技术设计来让 ISP 们将多种不同的数据网（如以太网、ATM、帧中继和串行/PPP 网）合并成单一的、基于 MPLS 的主干网，以节省营运成本。有时 AToM也叫二层 MPLS。Internalnet An internalnet is a network that transmits information between computing devices located inside(and perhaps on)a living body.The internalnet can be thought of as an extremely localized local area network,which may or may not be connected to external devices and/or networks.As computer science and nanotechnology advance,the possibility of functional nanomedicine(the use of molecular-level devices for medical purposes,such as repair of tissue damage,or immune system support)applications becomes increasingly realistic.An internalnet might connect devices such as nanochondria(nanomachines within cells,either working with the cells biochemistry or assembling physical structures),bionic implants,and wearable computers,for example,managing the flow of data among the devices.内部网 内部网是指位于活体中（或也许是活体上）的计算装置之间传输信息的网络。内部网可以认为是极端本地化的局域网，它可以或者不与外界装置和（或）网络相连。-5-计算机软件水平考试资料之IT新词集锦 湖州师范学院网络中心 曹宇 编 随着计算机科学和纳米技术的进展，功能性纳米药物（即用于医学目的的分子级装置，如修补组织破损或支持免疫系统）应用将成为现实。内部网可以连接像纳米软骨（在细胞内的纳米机械，和细胞的生物化学机制一起工作，或者与组织机构进行合作）、植入的仿生机械和可穿戴的计算机等这样的设备，管理这些设备内的数据流。Internesia (slang)Formed from the combination of Internet and amnesia,internesia is the inability to remember which Web site or other Internet-related location(such as E-Mail or newsgroups)specific information came from.网络遗忘症 （俚语）由因特网和遗忘症两词结合而成，指不能记住具体的信息来自哪个网站或与因特网有关的位置（如电子邮件或新闻组）。Snake Oil Refers to a cryptography or security product that makes exaggerated claims of what the product is capable of.The term snake oil comes from the 19th-century American practice of selling cure-all elixirs in traveling medicine shows.Snake oil salesmen would falsely claim that the potions would cure any ailments.The term has been appropriated to mean security and encryption products that make impossible claims,such as unbreakable codes.蛇油 指言过其实的加密或安全产品。蛇油这个术语出自 19 世纪在旅游药展上销售包治百病的万能药的美国做法。蛇油销售人员谎称该药能治任何疾病。用此词表示那些不可能做到（如不会破译的