四级听力讲义.pdf

目 录C O N T E N T S001第一部分 基础必备知识001一、题型介绍.001二、解题基础知识.001三、语音基础知识.009第二部分 技巧精讲&真题演练 016一、短篇新闻技巧精讲&真题演练.016二、长对话技巧精讲&真题演练.034三、篇章技巧精讲&真题演练.048001第一部分 基础必备知识一、题型介绍大学英语四级考试的听力理解部分由短篇新闻、长对话和篇章三种题型构成。试题采用单选题形式。录音材料用标准的英式或美式英语朗读，语速约为每分钟 120-140词。所有录音材料均只播放一遍，每个问题后留有 15 秒答题时间。听力理解部分占整张试卷的分值比例为 35，考试时间为 25 分钟。试卷结构题型分布文章个数题目个数分值比例听力理解短篇新闻377长对话288篇章31020总计82535二、解题基础知识（一）解题思路1.利用“错位听音法”，。2.预览选项，。3.利用“题文同序原则”，。4.听音时，把握“keywords”，。（1）错位听音简单的讲，“错位听音法”就是，把每一组考题提问的时间用来预览后面一组考题的选项。002四级听力讲义播放预览Section A 考试说明News Report 1 文章News Report 1 问题News Report 2 文章依次类推依次类推（2）预览选项1.预览速度：。2.先纵向，后横向：。3.如果阅读速度较慢：。4.分析不同题干下相关联的选项。5.用笔将预判的结果直接标注在卷纸上。例 1.do；to do；doing：。选项预览：1.A)Serve standardized food nationwide.B)Put calorie information on the menu.C)Increase protein content in the food.D)Offer convenient food to customers.Q:What are big fast food chains in New York City required to do according to the new rule?选项预览：2.A)To investigate how being overweight impacts on health.B)To find out which physical drive is the most powerful.C)To discover what most mice like to eat.D)To determine what feelings mice have.Q:What is the researchers purpose in carrying out the series of experiments with mice?003选项预览：3.A)Measuring it.B)Preserving it.C)Dating it.D)Identifying it.Q:What are the researchers at New Mexico State University doing with the boys discovery?例 2.by doing，with：。选项预览：4.A)By tying it to a door handle.B)By shaking it back and forth.C)With a remote control craft.D)With a full-sized helicopter.Q:How did Rick Rahim remove his sons loose tooth?例 3.并列名词、形容词、词组：。选项预览：5.A)Tobacco.B)Potatoes.C)Machinery.D)Clothing.听力原文：Potatoes and tobacco are grown in Andorras steep mountain valleys.One of the products it exports is clothing.Q:What is one of the products Andorra exports?选项预览：6.A)They are tough.C)They are helpful.B)They are costly.D)They are too short.听力原文：And I cant wait for my next session although the lessons are rather expensive,20 pounds an hour.Q:What does the man say about his driving lessons?004四级听力讲义选项预览：7.A)Global warming.C)Commercial hunting.B)Polluted seawaters.D)Decreasing birthrates.听力原文：The whale population has become endangered due to commercial whaling activities in recent years.Q:What has caused the decline of the whale population in recent years?例 4.地点：。选项预览：8.A)At an information service.C)At a repair shop.B)At a car wash point.D)At a dry cleaners.Q:Where does the conversation most probably take place?选项预览：9.A)New York.C)Baghdad.B)Avenida Paulista.D)Rio de Janeiro.Q:Where did the violence happen?例 5.数字、时间、价钱：。选项预览：10.A)About 8:30.B)About 6:30.C)About 5:30.D)About 4:15.Q:At what time is Mr.Wilkinson going to leave home for the airport?选项预览：11.A)0743,12536 extension 15.B)0734,21653 extension 51.C)0734,38750 extension 15.D)0743,62135 extension 51.Q:Whats the mans telephone number?005例 6.分清男女选项预览：12.A)She does recording.C)She takes notes.B)She types on a keyboard.D)She takes photos.Q:What does the woman do during Mr.Browns lectures?选项预览：13.A)He is the only boy in his family.B)He becomes tearful in wind.C)He has stopped making terrible faces.D)He is his teachers favorite student.Q:What does the man say about Ben?例 7.代词转名词选项预览：14.A)It boasts a fairly long history.B)It produces construction materials.C)It has 75 offices around the world.D)It has over 50 business partners.Q:What do we learn about the womans company?选项预览：15.A)They need to be further improved.B)They can easily switch to natural gas.C)They are more cost-effective than vehicles powered by solar energy.D)They can match conventional motor cars in performance and safety.Q:What does the speaker say about electric vehicles of today?（3）题文同序原则大部分听力题目的出题顺序与所听文章内容顺序保持一致：基本上都是从前往后出题。至于文章主旨类问题，例如“What is the talk mainly about?”，主旨通常在文章一006四级听力讲义开始就会提到，但需要听完全文进行总结。根据题文同序原则听音时，如果已经出现下一题选项的关键词，就要迅速扫读该题的选项是否与所听到的文章内容匹配，以免错过题目。（4）标志词与常设考点1.段首、段尾处不管是听力的新闻、长对话、还是篇章，录音的第一句话或者段首句、段尾句，历来是设题重点。有时文章的最后一句话会体现主旨大意。经常用来考查对听力材料主旨大意的理解与把握。尤其是对于短篇新闻的考查，重要的内容常放在文章开头的第一句话，用来概述新闻主题内容，通常对应第 1 题。2.转折处标 志 词：but，however，yet，instead，today，now，although，though，even though，despite，in spite of，in fact，actually，practically，not.but.等。3.对比处标志词：while，instead，in contrast，on the other hand，unexpected，unexpectedly，unfortunately，fortunately，whereas，rather than，as.as，more than any other 等。4.因果关系处标志词：because，cause，for，as，since，owing to，be due to，lead to，thanks to，contribute to，attribute to，consequently，result from，result in，as a result.，so，now that 等。5.总结处标志词：in brief，in short，all in all，generally speaking，conclude，conclusion，in a word，as a result，in short，you see，we can say，OK，anyway.等。6.表示重复、强调、顺序处1）如果某一实词在文章中，其往往就是正确答案。2）某些常见标志词的会发生变化，有些词的语气会变得强硬。3）形容词和副词的最高级，表示唯一的词（）的出现。4）常见表示顺序的标志词：等。7.定义、解释说明、建议处标志词：according to，be known as，be defined/called as something，the definition of.，which means，show/find/suspect/reveal that，suggest，advice，had better 等。0078.设问句处1）一般疑问句升调处2）特殊疑问句、特殊疑问词处标志词：等。9.特殊修辞处 排比、举例、比喻、虚拟语气处标志词：等。10.人名、数字、专有名词处标志词：等。（二）解题技巧1.视听一致四级听力考试中，超半数题目均可运用视听一致选出答案。视：看到的选项，听：听到的录音。所谓视听一致就是。在听到与选项相关的关键词，或者常设考点的标志词之后，原文听到什么就到选项中找与之相关或相似的答案，或者选项，是正确选项的可能性更大。例 1.选项预览：A)It will be produced at Harvard University.B)It will be hosted by famous professors.C)It will cover different areas of science.D)It will focus on recent scientific discoveries.听力原文：It will be about science,all sorts of science.Each episode will focus on a different area of science,and tell us what we know,how we know it,and what we still dont know.Q:What do we learn about the TV show Science Nation?2.同义替换四级听力考试中，至少有一半的正确选项和对应的原文答案句之间存在同义替换。常见的同义替换形式有两种：008四级听力讲义1）：词性的替换、短语表达的替换、否定词（双重否定表肯定）的替换等。例如 privacy=private（词根不变，词性变化）；leave the track=derail；conceal.from.=doesnt want.to know。2）：主被动语态的替换、因果关系的对调、肯否定替换，以及详述和概括的替换等。例 2.选项预览：A)It is likely to close many of its stores.B)It is known for the quality of its goods.C)It remains competitive in the recession.D)It will expand its online retail business.听力原文：Woolworths is one of the best-known names on the British High Street.Its been in business nearly a century.Many of its 800 stores are likely to close following the companys decision to call in administrators after an attempt to sell the business for a token 1 pound failed.Q:What do we learn about Woolworths from the news report?例 3.选项预览：A)A surprise party for Pauls birthday.B)Travel plans for the coming weekend.C)Preparations for Saturdays get-together.D)The new market on the other side of town.听力原文：M:So what time do you think we should have the party on Saturday?W:How about inviting people to come at 6 p.m.?Then well have the afternoon to prepare food and drink,and stuff like that.Q:What are the speakers mainly talking about?009 注意：1）听力题目几乎每个选项都带有原文词，干扰项通常就是由原文词+错误的修饰词构成。而那些看起来找不到对应原文的同义替换，反而是正确答案。2）越简单越常见的单词，越容易被替换。3）正确选项往往同时包含了视听一致与同义替换。4）如果某两个选项存在局部相反现象，那这两个选项包含正确选项的可能性较大。三、语音基础知识（一）易错易混发音讲解对于中国学生来说，英语中的一些音素发音非常相近，听起来十分容易混淆，同时许多考生在听力考试中误把此单词听成彼单词，造成考试中的误听，导致失分。【知识精讲 1】e-The old man gave her a loving pet.The old man gave her a loving pat.【知识精讲 2】字母组合“th”的发音和“th”字母组合相应的一组清浊辅音是 与，它们的共同特点是发音时都要将舌尖含在上下齿之间。【知识精讲 3】w 与 v 的发音区别汉语中，尤其是在北方话中，这两个发音经常混在一起，但不会产生语义上的区别。所以，中国学生很少注意两者的区别。而在英语中，这两个音是截然不同的。w是半元音，发音时首先双唇收圆，然后可以随后面元音的不同而过渡到不同的口型；而 v 是摩擦音，发音时上齿接触下唇，气流通过时产生摩擦，无论同什么样的元音组合，首先都能听到明显的摩擦。010四级听力讲义【知识精讲 4】字母“r”在词首时的发音字母“r”位于词首的发音也是中国学生发音的一大难点，主要原因是受汉语发音习惯的影响。中国学生在很多情况下把它读作类似汉语的“日”的发音，而在英语中字母“r”其实更偏向汉语中“若”的发音。【知识精讲 5】au 的发音很多学生会把 au 这个音同元音 a 的发音相混淆，或者用汉语拼音中的“ao”取代。发 au 这个音时，要从 a 过渡到 u，两个音都要读得饱满。【知识精讲 6】h 的发音方法同汉语拼音的“h”相比较，英语中的 h 是清辅音，但有的同学会把 h 音发成类似汉语“喝”的音。发 h 音时，气流从肺部呼出，经过声门摩擦，声带不振动，非常轻，听力考试中经常不发音，从而形成“击穿”的语音现象。【知识精讲 7】l 和 n 的发音区别l 是舌边音，发音时气流从口腔流过；发 n 音时，发音的气流从鼻腔流过。另外，发这两个音时，舌头虽然都抵上颚，但 l 接触很快、很轻，而 n 要紧抵住不放。（二）英美发音区别标准美音 GA：General American标准英音 RP：Received Pronunciation【知识精讲 1】英美发音元音区别 1.当字母“r”出现在单词的元音字母组合中时，美式发音会出现独特的卷舌音。(1)far car large charge smart(2)dear clear fear cheer here(3)air dare pear their where011(4)for more door pour before(5)sure poor tour cure fewer(6)her turn learn word first(7)fire tired higher liar buyer(8)hour flour shower power tower(9)destroyer employer 2.元音 a:在用于 f，s 前时，美语发音为。(1)half(2)bath(3)pass(4)ask(5)calm(6)palm(7)father(8)plaza3.英式发音:变为美式发音 或 a。(1)bought(2)talk(3)ball(4)caught(5)law(6)saw 4.英式发音 变为美式发音 a。(1)hot(2)cot(3)clock(4)shop(5)box(6)not5.英式发音 变为美式发音。(1)up(2)love(3)cut(4)another(5)above(6)bus(7)cup【知识精讲 2】英美发音辅音区别1.字母“t”可出现在单词的词首、词中和词尾三个部位。其中字母“t”在词首与词尾时的发音方式英美相同，例如，tight tait。而其在词中时，英式英语和美式英语却有两种读法。city forty butterwater dirty matterwriter better Bettyt dItalian Italyattack atticatomic atomphotography photograph012四级听力讲义2.辅音区别的第二种情况 英音 美音(1)what(2)where(3)which(4)somewhere(5)meanwhile（三）连读规则很多同学抱怨听力考试中语速过快，跟不上，其实不是朗读的速度快，而是朗读时单词与单词之间的连接更加紧密，经常会出现连读的情况，而常见的连读规则不过12 条而已，同学们一旦掌握了这 12 条连读规则，不但能扫平英语听力障碍，而且能轻松听懂电影、电视、音乐中的英语发音，甚至能征服托福、雅思这类国外语言类考试。【知识精讲 1】辅音对元音的连读 当前面的单词以辅音结尾，紧随其后的单词以元音开头，这时将前面的辅音同后面的元音连在一起，像是构成一个音节一样的读出来，以使语言更加流畅自然。而且连读必须发生在短语或句子的同一个意群中，在意群（及短语或从句）之间有停顿时，两个短语或两个从句间相邻的音不连读。1.r+元音far away for a year a number of2.l+元音internal affairs3.t+元音keep it up pick it up put it offtake it easy look out of get out of4.n+元音pen and paper in an instance in an hourclean and dirty an old lady ten oclock【知识精讲 2】辅音与辅音的叠合、击穿、失爆5.叠合现象：前面单词结尾的辅音与紧随其后的单词的起始辅音为同一个音时，只需读一次，而不必将这个音读两次。013more rain fall leaves part time job at two oclockstop playing keep pace big game big garage some men same machine bus station6.击穿现象：一般情况下，当句子中前一个单词以辅音结尾，后一个单词以辅音 h开头，连读的时候，h 音可以被击穿，也就是 h 不发音。常见于爆破音遇到 h 音时。This is his book.Get him out of here.7.失爆现象：当一个爆破音后面紧跟着另一个爆破音时，前面的爆破音不发生爆破。也就是说对于前一个爆破音，只作发音的口型，刚要发音时，立即发出第二个爆破音。这种情形常发生在 p、b、t、d、k、g 等辅音出现的时候。last class next day It doesnt matter.【知识精讲 3】元音与元音的连读元音对元音的连读实际上是在元音之间插入半元音 w 或 j，从而使纯元音音节之间的过渡变得自然、流畅，读起来更加上口。8.前面的单词以 u、u:、au 或 u 这些音素结尾，紧随其后的单词以元音开头，这时，在两个单词之间加入半元音 w 作为过渡。doing going go out go awayblew away throw away how old knew itwho else you are blue on top clue intoo often9.前面的单词以元音 ei、ai、i、i:或 i 这些音素结尾，紧随其后的单词以元音开头，这时，在两个单词之间加入半元音 j 作为过渡。play around any other stay up be on timesay it try it see it through she is try again my only child the early bird see off 【知识精讲 4】连读音变 10.t+j=tNice to meet you.11.d+j=dCould you?Did you?12.s+j=014四级听力讲义I miss you.God bless you.（四）重音及语调【知识精讲 1】什么是词重音 英语单词都由一至多个音节构成，一个单词至少要有一个音节。而在一组音节中，总有一个音节比其它的音节读的声音大一些，用的力量足一些，这个音节就是所谓的重读音节。【知识精讲 2】单音节单词go come try【知识精讲 3】双音节单词da d forget begind da window teacher【知识精讲 4】三音节单词d da da medicine radioda da d employee guaranteeda d da professor October【知识精讲 5】长音节单词 da d da da democracyda da d da da anniversary possibility【知识精讲 6】短语和句子的重音重读：实词（名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词）弱读：语法词【知识精讲 7】什么是短语或句子的重音在构成短语或句子的单词中，总有一个单词比别的单词读的重一些，这个单词本身的重读音节也就成为句子的重心。在不特殊强调或作对比的情况下，短语或句子的重音往往落在最后一个出现的实词的重读音节上。（在对比句中，分别代表所对照内容物的单词通常会受到相等程度的重读。）to the store the tickets our teachergoing to London leave tomorrow an English teacherWill you mail it?She is studying English.015Does she speak it?I need a book.I need pencil and paper.Do you want coffee or tea?【知识精讲 8】实义重读在进行语言表达时，通常讲话人会在一句话中所要强调的内容上加大音量。即在句子中代表讲话人所强调内容的单词会受到重读，也就是通常所说的“强调什么，重读什么”。Tom likes to play soccer.（不特殊强调）Tom likes to play soccer.（强调“玩”）Tom likes to play soccer.（强调“喜欢”）Tom likes to play soccer.（强调“人”）016四级听力讲义第二部分 技巧精讲&真题演练一、短篇新闻技巧精讲&真题演练【解题技巧】短篇新闻题型通常考查三篇新闻，每篇新闻后设置 2-3 个小题，一共 7 道小题，分值比例 7%。三篇文章共 450-500 词。新闻听力一般都采用，也就是倒叙式，指将重要的内容放在开头的第一句话。新闻通常包括 what（发生的新闻事件），when（新闻发生的时间），where（新闻发生的地点），who（新闻里涉及的人物），why（新闻事件发生的原因）和 how（新闻事件发生的背景）等六要素，用于梳理新闻报道的脉络以及对新闻主旨的理解。新闻听力的选项具有 和 ，听力原文由 构成。导语部分考查对新闻大意的理解，细节部分考查对新闻内容的理解，也就是对新闻中如数字、人物、时间、地点、观点建议、逻辑关系等细节的捕捉。【大纲样题】News Report 1 选项预览：1.A)Christmas-time attacks made by Somali rebels.B)An explosion at a bus station in central Nairobi.C)The killing of more than 70 Ugandans in Kampala.D)Blasts set off by a Somali group in Ugandas capital.2.A)On Christmas Eve.B)Just before midnight.C)During a security check.D)In the small hours of the morning.017听力原文：Kenyan police say one person was killed and 26 injured in an explosion at a bus station in central Nairobi.The blast hit a bus about to set off for the Ugandan capital Kampala.Last July,the Somali group al-Shabab said it was behind the blasts in the Ugandan capital which killed more than 70 people.Will Ross reports from the Kenyan capital.The explosion happened beside a bus which was about to set off for an overnight journey from Nairobi to the Ugandan capital Kampala.Some eyewitnesses report that a bag was about to be loaded on board,but it exploded during a security check.Windows of the red bus were left smashed,and blood could be seen on the ground beside the vehicle.Just hours earlier,Ugandas police chief had warned of possible Christmas-time attacks by Somali rebels.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.Q1:What is the news report mainly about?Q2:When did the incident occur?必备词汇：News Report 2 选项预览：3.A)It is likely to close many of its stores.B)It is known for the quality of its goods.C)It remains competitive in the recession.D)It will expand its online retail business.4.A)Expand its business beyond groceries.B)Fire 25,000 of its current employees.C)Cut its DVD publishing business.D)Sell the business for one pound.听力原文：Woolworths is one of the best-known names on the British High Street.Its been in business nearly a century.Many of its 800 stores are likely to close following the companys 018四级听力讲义decision to call in administrators after an attempt to sell the business for a token 1 failed.The company has huge debts.The immediate cause for the collapse has been Britains slide toward recession,which has cut into consumer spending.However,the business had been in trouble for years.Known for low-priced general goods,Woolworths has struggled in the face of competition from supermarkets expanding beyond groceries and a new generation of internet retailers.Many of the store groups 25,000 employees are likely to lose their jobs.Some profitable areas such as the DVD publishing business will survive.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.Q3:What do we learn about Woolworths from the news report?Q4:What did Woolworths attempt to do recently?必备词汇：News Report 3 选项预览：5.A)All taxis began to use meters.B)All taxis got air conditioning.C)Advertisements were allowed on taxis.D)Old taxis were replaced with new cabs.6.A)A low interest loan scheme.B)Environmentalists protests.C)Taxi passengers complaints.D)Permission for car advertising.7.A)There are no more irregular practices.B)All new cabs provide air-conditioning.C)New cabs are all equipped with meters.D)New legislation protects consumer rights.听力原文：Cairo is known for its overcrowded roads,irregular driving practices and shaky old vehicles,but also for its air pollution.In recent months,though,environmental studies 019indicate there have been signs of improvement.Thats due in part to the removal of many of the capitals old-fashioned black and white taxis.Most of these dated back to the 1960s and 70s and were in a poor state of repair.After new legislation demanded their removal from the roads,a low interest loan scheme was set up with three Egyptian banks so drivers could buy new cars.The government pays about$900 for old ones to be discarded and advertising