高频语法.doc

表语：定义用在系词之后，表明主语的年龄、身份、状态、特征等的句子成分。 特征：找准系词，后面的就是表语啦 系词分三类： 1 各种be（is am are was were） 2 感官动词 feel look sound taste smell 3 表示变化和不变的词 get turn go become (变化) keep stay remain（不变） 举例 this is (a good book) he feels (cold) his face (turned red) the food (went bad) the baby (stays healthy) 括号内为表语 宾语：宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。 宾语补足语就是用来对宾语加以补充说明的文字，和宾语一起构成复合宾语。可做宾语补足语的通常有名词，形容词、副词、不定式，分词等。 宾语和宾语补足语之间在逻辑上往往有主表、或者主谓的关系。 I found him clever. clever就是宾补，和him有主表的关系，即我们可以说：He is clever。 I saw her playing on the playground.playing就是宾补，和宾语her有主谓逻辑关系，即我们可以说：She is playing。 宾语补足语就是用来对宾语加以补充说明的通常是说明宾语的特征、性质、状态或者身份等。 定语:用来说明名词或代词的品质与特征的词,短语或从句,在句子中就称为定语. 可以用作定语的词或结构,有下列一些,各举一例如下(定语用大写体表示): 1.形容词 It is a RED bag.(它是一只红色的书包.) 2.名词或名词的所有格 Mother made a BIRTHDAYcake for me.(妈妈给我做了个生日蛋糕.) LI MING'S father is a professor.(李明的爸爸是一位教授.) 3.代词 YOUR hair needs washing.(你的头发需要洗了.) 4.数词 I have read this book THREE times.(我已读过这本书三遍了.) 5.分词 China is a DEVELOPING country.(中国是个发展中国家.) [现在分词] The United States is a DEVELOPED country.(美国是个发达国家.) [过 去分词] 6.动名词 LEARNING method is importanr for us.(学习方法对我们而言很重要.) 7.副词 Xiao Hong lives in the room ABOVE.(小红住在上面的房间里.) 8.不定式 Would you want something TO EAT?(你想吃点什么东西吗?) 9.介词短语 This is a map OF BEIJING.(这是一幅北京地图.) 10.从句 He repeated everything THAT SHE HAS SAID.(他重复了她说的每件事.) 定语在句子中的位置 单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名次的前面.如果所修饰的名词带有冠词,放在冠词和名词之间. 副词,不定式,介词短语和从句作定语时,要放在被修饰词的后面. 修饰some,any,no,every等所构成的复合不定代词时,定语要放在它的后面 例如:I have told you everything IMPORTANT that I know.(我把我知道的每件重要的事都告诉你了.) 英语状语 英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial)。 状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。 　　副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。 　　1.副词一般在句子中做状语． 　　He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好. 　　He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree(地点状语) 　　2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。 　　I come specially to see you.我专门来看你. 　　3.介词短语 　　Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. 　　The boy was praised for his bravery. 　　4.从句作状语 　　When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. 　　If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. 　　5.分词作状语 　　Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。 　　Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another. 非谓语动词 在英语中，动词不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）可以出现在句子中除谓语以外的任何一个位置上，充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等成分，这些动词形式称为非谓语动词。 非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表： 非谓语动词 功能 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ 动名词 √ √ √ √ 分词 √ √ √ √ Ⅰ). 作主语----doing/ to do： ⒈ 没有多大区别。动词原形不能在句中作主语 To see is to believe 百闻不如一见。=Seeing is believing. ⒉ doing抽象笼统的一般行为 to do具体的特别是将来的动作 Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟对人身体有害。 （笼统地谈吸烟问题） To finish the job in two days is impossible. 要在两天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。（具体地谈这项工作） ⒊ it用形式主语于句首常用不定式置于句尾 * It is /was + adj./ n. /-ed +to do * It is no use/good/a waste of time + doing sth. It is impossible to finish the job in two days. It is no good/ use having a car if you can’t drive.如果你不会开车，有车也没用。 It is a waste of time watching TV. 看电视是浪费时间。 ⒋ There is no…句型中，常用doing作主语。 There is no saying what will happen. 无法估计将会发生什么事。 There is no use making an excuse for this.为这事编造借口没用。 Ⅱ). 作宾语-------doing/ to do： ⒈ 有些及物动词后面只能接doing作宾语，不能接不定式，常见的有： void 避免/ miss错过/ postpone 推迟/ suggest 建议/ finish 完成/ practise练习/ enjoy 喜欢/ imagine 想象/ can’t help禁不住/ admit 承认/ deny 否认/ envy 嫉妒/escape 逃脱/ risk 冒险/ forgive 原谅/ stand 忍受/ keep保持/ mind 介意/ appreciate 感激,赞赏/ consider 认为/ delay 耽误/ detest 讨厌/ miss 想念/ resist 抵抗/ understand 理解/ feel like想要 I’m sorry I missed seeing you while in Shanghai.很遗憾，我在上海时没看到你。 He suggested discussing the problem at the class meeting. 他建议在班会上讨论这个问题。 Would you mind closing the window? 你介意把窗户关上吗？ Will you admit having broken the window?你承不承认打破了窗户了？ He avoided giving us a definite answer.他避免给我们一个肯定的回答。 I was afraid to let the boy risk climbing the tree.我不敢让这个男孩冒险爬那棵树。 I couldn’t help crying when I heard the news.听到这个消息我不禁哭起来。 ⒉有些动词后面只能跟to do作宾语，不能接动名词，如：wish, hope, expect, offer, manage, decide, refuse, agree, pretend, promise, seem, fail I don’t wish to be disturbed in my work.我不愿在工作中被打搅。 We managed to get there in time.我们设法及时到了那里。 He pretended to be reading a book.他假装在读书。 They promised to get up early.他们答应早起床。 He refused to do that job.他拒绝做那工作。 ⒊ 有些动词后面既可以接动名词，也可以接不定式作宾语，其意义基本一样，如： begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, can’t stand, 但like, love 和would 或should 连用时，接不定式作宾语。 例 句 解 析 1. It began to rain. It began raining. 2. It was beginning to snow. 3. I love lying (to lie)on my back. 4. I like listening to music, but today I don’t like to. 5. I don’ t prefer to swim in the river now. 1. 意思无差别，但谓语动词用进行时，后面只跟不定式。 2. 表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语，如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式。 ⒋有些动词后面既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语，但意义不同。如： ⑴mean to do sth. 打算干某事mean doing 意味着… I didn’t mean to hurt you.我没打算伤害你。 Missing the bus means waiting for an hour.误了车就意味着等一个小时。 ⑵stop to do sth.停下来去做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事 I was lost and had to stop to ask the way.我迷路了只好停下来问路。 They stopped talking.他们停止了谈话。 ⑶go on to do sth. （做完一件事之后）接着做（另一件事）go on doing sth.继续做某事 After learning history, we went on to learn geography.学完历史之后，我们接着学地理。 You shouldn’t go on living this way.你不应当继续过这样的生活了。 ⑷try to do sth. 试图做某事try doing sth.试试做某事（往往表示某种方法或方式） Let’s try knocking at the back door.咱们敲敲后边的门试试。 We tried to solve the problem.我们努力想解决这个问题。 ⑸forget, regret, remember后接to do表示尚未发生的动作，接doing表示已经发生动作。 I forgot to write him a letter.我忘了给他写信。（ 以前没写信） I forgot writing him a letter.我忘了以前曾写信给他。 （曾写过信） I remember seeing you before. 我记得以前见过你。（ 曾见过） Please remember to write to me.请记住要给我写信。 （目前还没写） I regretted speaking to them about it.我后悔跟他们讲过那件事。 （以前讲过） I regret to tell you that you didn’t pass the exam.我遗憾地告诉你，你考试没及格。 （以前没告诉过你） ⑹be used to do sth. 被用来做…be used to doing sth. 习惯于做… We are used to going to bed early.我们习惯于早睡。 Wood can be used to make paper.木材可以用来造纸。 ⑺can’t help（to）do sth. 不能帮助做某事can’t help doing sth. 不禁… We can’t help to solve the problem.我们不能帮助解决这个问题。 On hearing the news, we couldn’t help laughing. 一听到这个消息，我们忍不住大笑起来。 ⑻allow, permit, advise, forbid, consider + doing /+ sb to do We don’t allow smoking here.我们这里不允许吸烟。 We don’t allow them to smoke.我们不允许他们吸烟。 He advised having a rest.他建议休息。 He advised me to have a rest.他建议我休息。 I considered going to Canada.我考虑去加拿大。 I consider him to be honest.我认为他诚实。 ⑼need, require, want + to be done/ doing “需要（被作某种处置）” The bridge needs/ requires/ wants repairing. =The bridge needs/ requires/ wants to be repaired. 这个桥梁需要修一修了。 ⒌介词（除but以外）后面的动词宾语一律用doing形式。 They are interested in singing. 他们爱好唱歌。（ 动名词singing作介词in的宾语） * but 与no, not any, all 等词连用时为介词，但其后面的动词用to do， 如果but前面有实义动词do 的任何形式，则but 后面用动词原形do He did nothing but cry. 他什么也没做，只是哭。（but 前面有实义动词did, 所以but后面要接动词原形） I had no choice but to cry. 我别无办法，只好哭。（but前面没有实义动词do,所以but后面要跟不定式形式） ⒍ “wh- + to do，这一结构可转换成该疑问词引导的从句。 It hasn’t been decided where to go. 还没决定到哪里去。（主语） I found out where to buy fruit cheaper.我找到了廉价买水果的地方。（宾语） The question is what to write about.问题是应写什么。（表语） Ⅲ. 作表语---doing/ to do/ done： ⒈ doing比较抽象笼统的一般行为 to do具体某次动作，特别是将来动作 有时两者都可以用，在意思上没多大区别。 My job is typing letters and papers. 我的工作就是打信件和文件。（打信件和文件是我日常的工作） The next step is to discuss the suggestion raised by him. 下一步将是讨论他提出的问题。 ⒉ 主表一致 当主语是doing形式时，表语一般也用doing，如主语是to do，表语一般也用to do Saving is having. =To save is to have. 节约即是收入。 （不能说Saving is to have.或To save is having.） Teaching is learning.=To teach is to learn. 教书是学习。 (不能说Teaching is to learn.或To teach is learning.) ⒊ doing作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，有时可译为“令人…的”； done作表语多表示主语所处的状态，有时可译为“感到…的”。 interesting 令人有兴趣的，有趣的 interested 感兴趣的 tiring 令人疲劳的 tired 感到疲倦的 moving 令人感动的 moved 受到感动的 exciting 令人激动的 excited 感到激动的 puzzling 令人迷惑的 puzzled 感到迷惑的 disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的 She felt a bit disappointed. 她感到有点失望。 The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。 The news is exciting. 消息令人兴奋。 I was excited at the news. 听到这个消息我很兴奋。 **⒋ 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：(be + p.p) 被动语态表示一个动作，过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态。如： The window is broken. 窗户打破了。（分词作表语，表示现在窗户处于破碎的状态） The window was broken by the boy. 窗户是被那个小男孩打破的。（被动语态，表窗户是被谁打破的，表动作） The book is well written. 这本书写得不错。（分词作表语，表状态） The book was written by her. 这本书是她写的。（被动语态，表动作） The tree is fallen. 树倒了。（分词作表语，表状态） Ⅳ. 作定语----to do/ doing/ done： ⒈ to do 做后置定语，与中心词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作或状态 I have something important to tell you. (something important 是tell you的逻辑宾语) 我有重要的事情要告诉你。 I want to get something to read during the winter vacation. （something 是read的逻辑宾语） 我想找点书在寒假读。 ** 若to do是不及物动词介词不可省略 We are looking for a paper to write on. 我们正在找写字用的纸。 I’m not sure which restaurant to eat at. 我对在哪家餐馆吃饭没有把握。 It would be a comfortable room to live in. 这房间住起来会很舒适。 ** 常用to do作定语的情况 1)名词前有序数词、最高级所修饰This is the first building to be designed by him. 这是由他设计的第一栋楼房。 They are the first to come, and the last to leave. 他们是最先来而最后离开。 He is the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal. 他赢得奥运金牌的年龄最大的运动员。 2) 只能接to do 做宾语的动词转化的名词 ⒉ 动名词作定语表示该名词的用途， 现在分词作定语表示该名词正在进行的动作或存在的状态。 a reading room (=a room for reading ) 阅览室（动名词） a swimming pool (=a pool for swimming)游泳池（动名词） a swimming girl (=a girl who is swimming)在游泳的女孩（现在分词） a sleeping car (=a car for sleeping)一节卧车 （动名词） a sleeping girl (=a girl who is sleeping)在睡觉的女孩（现在分词） ⒊ doing作定语，多表示动作正在进行/与谓语动词同时进行/经常性的动作或状态； done作定语，则多表示分词动作“先于谓语动词表示的动作”，表“被动” ⑴Did you see the boy dancing with the girl? = the boy who was dancing with the girl (表正在进行) ⑵There were 50 children returning from school. = 50 children who were returning from school（表正在进行） ⑶The factory making the cars is a small one. = The factory which makes the cars (表示经常性) ⑷I live in a house facing the north. =a house that faces the north (表状态) ⑸It is the problem left over by history. = which have been left over by history. (先于谓语动词的动作、表被动) ⑹He is a leader respected by the people. = who is respected by the people. (表被动) ⒋ being +done作定语时，表示一个正在进行的、被动的动作 The freeway being built will lead to Xingang Seaport.= which is being built (表正在被修建的) ⒌having + done不能作定语，此时可以用一个定于从句代替 完成作业的那些人现在可以回家了。 误：Those having finished their homework can go home now. 正：Those who have finished their homework can go home now. Ⅴ. 作状语---- to do/ doing/ done： ⒈ doing作状语往往和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、伴随情况 Walking down the street, I met an old friend of mine.(时间状语，walk 和meet 同时发生) Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out.(原因状语，hear 和rush out 几乎同时发生) We sat by the window, talking about what had happened.(伴随状语，talk 和sit同时发生) Having brushed my teeth, I came downstairs for breakfast.(时间状语，brush teeth 在come downstairs 之前发生)` Thinking it over, you will not take the job.= If you think it over (条件状语) Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.(原因状语，be there在offer之前发生) ⒉ done作状语表示被动或完成的动作，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随等。 ⑴Encouraged by the teacher, we worked still harder than ever. ( = As we were encouraged by the teacher) 受到老师的鼓励，我们比以前更努力地学习。（原因状语） ⑵Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance. ( = If it is considered from the point of view) 若从这个角度考虑，那个问题很重要。（条件状语） ⑶Seen from the hill, the town looks nice. (= When the town is seen from the hill) (时间状语) ⑷He turned away disappointed. ( = and he was disappointed) (伴随状语) ⒊ to do/ in order to do /so as to do(不于句首)用不定式作目的状语 I studied hard to pass the exam.为了通过这次考试我努力读书。 为了强调目的，有时可把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加。如： In order to /To be there on time, we got up early.为了按时到那儿，我们起的很早。 He sold them so as to /in order to/ to have money to buy some food.他把它们卖掉是为了有钱买食物。 ⒋ (only/ never) to do 表示出人意料的结果。 I came in only to find nobody here. 我走进来，却发现这儿一个人都没有。（表意外结果,加only用来强调意外） He hurried to the station to find the train had gone. 他匆忙赶往车站，结果发现火车开走了。（表意外结果） The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song. = and made it the most popular song 全国到处在传唱这首歌曲，使它成了一首最受人欢迎的歌曲。（没有意外结果的意思） ⒌ 独立主格 1) “名词（主格代词）+doing”相当于一个状语从句，表示条件、原因、结果、伴随等。 ⑴The bus being very crowded, he had to stand. =As the bus was very crowded… 公共汽车很挤，他只好站着。（表原因）(分词的逻辑主语是the bus，句子的主语是he) ⑵All the guests having left, we began cleaning up the room. = After all the guests had left… 所有的客人走了之后，我们开始打扫房间。（表时间）（分词的逻辑主语是all the guests,句子的主语是we） ⑶ “Mama！” she cried suddenly, tears rolling down her cheeks. = …，and tears rolled down her cheeks. “妈妈”，她突然哭了，眼泪顺着脸颊流下来。(表伴随)（分词的逻辑主语是tears,句子的主语是she） 2) 分词的独立结构作状语 assuming admitting according to /owing to/judging by/from considering/seeing/given/allowing for concerning/regarding generally speaking saving/expecting supposing/providing/provided talking to/about Ⅵ. 作补足语----to do/ doing/ done： ⒈ to do作补足语表主动的动作， doing作补足语表正在进行的动作， done/to be done作补足语表被动的动作。 Would you like us to go with you?你愿意我们和你一起去吗？ （我们去） She could fell her heart beating violently.她可以感到自己的心跳得很厉害。（心正在跳动） Please get your baby examined.请让你的孩子检查一下。（孩子被检查） ⒉ 感官动词 do→做了某事 (被动还原 to have/ let 除外) S．+ + 宾语 + doing→正在做某事 (being done 被动) 使役动词 done→被动 完成 I saw him crossing the road. 我看到他正在过马路。（指在马路中间或过马路的途中） I saw him cross the road. 我看见他过了马路。（指看见他过了马路这个过程） I saw him beaten black and blue. 我看到他被打得青一块紫一块。（指看见他被打） **巧记感官动词和使役动词----“一感二听三让五看” feel,/ hear, listen to, / let, make, have, /look at, see, , watch, notice, observe *①以上动词接to do作宾补时不带to。被动语态时要还原to help 后面的to do 做宾补 to 可带可不带 *They were made to pay back the money.他们被迫还钱。 He was noticed to leave the office.有人注意到他离开了办公室。 *②* have +宾语+doing 常和will/would not连用，表示“不允许某人总是或反复地做某事” I won’t have him speaking to me like that.我不允许他那样对我讲话。 ⒊ 要求接带to 的不定式作其宾补的动词有： force, tell, invite, expect, wish, advise, warn, cause, order, encourage, persuade, beg, permit, allow等 He advised me to give up smoking.他建议我戒烟。 We encouraged him to try again.我们鼓励他再试试。 At the meeting they invited me to speak.在会议上他们邀请我发言。 4. with 复合结构 with + 宾语 + to do (将来， 主动表被动) with + 宾语 + doing (现在或过去主动， 现在被动：being done) with + 宾语 + done (过去，被动) 从句（Subordinate Clause）是复合句里的一个句子成分。它不能独立成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就是句子一样。所不同的是，它必须由一个关联词 that、who、whom，when，why，where。how，which等引导词（Connective）来引导。 从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。由于主语从句、表语从句及宾语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，故而这3种从句又通称名词性从句 名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句。。。其中名词性从句又可分为 主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。 现在来说说怎么区别： 主语从句：即从句在复合句中充当主语成分。 如：Whose watch was lost is unknown. 这里Whose watch was lost 就是一个主语从句，is 就是谓语，unknown 充当表语成分。整个复合句就是一个主谓表结构。 宾语从句：即从句在复合句中充当宾语成分。 如：I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. 这里all the tickets for the concert hav