2014-2015年武汉大学考博英语真题.pdf

武汉大学2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题(满分值100分)科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。Part I Reading Comprehension(2X20=40)Directions:In this part for the test,there will be 5 passages for you to read.Each passage isfollowed by 4 questions or unfinished statements.Each question or unfinishedstatement is followed by four choices marked A,B,C and D.You are to decide onthe best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSince professors stand at the center of the students encounter with college learning,students ought to ask what marks a good professor,what indicates a bad one.The one whosets high standards and persists in demanding that students try to meet them provides the rightexperiences.The professor who gives praise cheaply or who pretends to a relationship thatdoes not and cannot exist teaches the wrong lessons.True,the demanding and the criticalteacher does not trade in the currency students possess,which is their power to praise or rejectteachers.The demanding professor knows that students will stumble.But the ones who pickthemselves up and try again have learned a lesson that will save them for a lifetime.I do not mean to suggest that for each one of us there is one perfect teacher who changesour lives.We must learn from many teachers as we grow up and grow old;and we must learnto recognize the good ones.The great teacher is the one who wants to become obsolete in thelife of the student.The good teacher is the one who teaches lessons and moves on,celebratingthe students growth.The Talmud relates the story of a disciple in an academy who won anargument over the position held by God in the academy on high.The question is asked,Whathappened in heaven?The answer:God clapped hands in joy,saying,My children havevanquished me,my children have vanquished.That is a model for the teacher-to enjoylosing an argument to a student,to recognize his or her contribution,to let the student surpassthe teacher.In the encounter with the teacher who takes you seriously,you learn to take yourselfseriously.In the eyes of the one who sees what you can accomplish,you gain a vision ofyourself as more than you thought you were.The ideal professor is the one who inspires todream of what you can be.Everyone who succeeds in life can point to such a teacher,whetherin the classroom or on the sports field.It is always the one who cared enough to criticize,andstayed around to praise.To define an ideal for their work,let me offer guidelines on how to treat professors theway we treat students.The conscientious professors spend time reading and thinking about科目名称：英语共9页第1页studentspapers,inscribing their comments and even discussing with students the strengthsand weaknesses of their work.Since effective teaching requires capturing the studentsimagination,the professor who is a character is apt,whether liked or disliked,to make aprofound impression and perhaps also to leave a mark on the students minds.The drabprofessors,not gossiped about and not remembered except for what they taught,may find thateven what they taught is forgotten.Students have their own definitions of good and bad.Let us consider how students evaluatetheir teachers,examining in turn the A,B,and C professors.We will begin at the bottom ofone scale and work our way up.Let us at the same time consider what kind of student seekswhich grade.1.From this passage we know that the author thinks a lot of professors whoA.offers students pleasant experiences in their studiesB.often meets students and exchange ideas with themC.enjoys the growth of studentsD.encourages students to achieve their goals2.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that a good teacherA.tries every means to shape the characters of studentsB.keep pace with timesC.feels happy to see students outdo himD.helps students aim high3.The sentence.the ones who pick themselves up and try again have learned a lesson thatwill save them for a lifetime.in Paragraph I means thatA.The students who have got continuous help from professors will move along a smoothway in their lifeB.The students who are able to get up after a fall can be successful in their lifeC.The students whom the professors have provided right guidelines to will be unlikely tohave mishaps in their life.D.The students who can draw on his experience of failure will be benefited for all theirlife4.The word drab in Paragraph is closest in meaning to”A.dullB.criticalC.effectiveD.impressivePassage TwoIt is easier to get divorced today than in times past,but it is no less painful.Studies haveshown that both men and women suffer significant stress at two key points:before thedecision to divorce and at the time of the final separation.Poor health,difficulty in sleepingand working,loneliness,depression,anxiety,lowered self-esteem,and impaired memory areall associated with the divorce process.In their study of 252 men and women currentlyundergoing a divorce,David A.Chiriboga and Loraine Cutler found that men were morevulnerable to stress than women.At the same time,close to 50 percent of both men andwomen reported that they felt some relief as a result of having initiated the divorce process.The children of a couple planning to divorce also share in the pain,especially immediatelyfollowing the separation.In their study of family breakup,Judith S.Wallerstein and Joan B.科目名称：英语共9页第2页Kelly found that parents rarely prepare their children for the coming crisis,nor do theyprovide them with the necessary assurances that they will be cared for.Preoccupied by theirpersonal problems,the parents are often insensitive to their childrens anger,fear or perplexity.When divorce necessitates that the mother go to work,the child may be placed in unfamiliarchild care arrangements,and both mother and father become substantially less available.Thefirst year following a divorce is typically the most stressful for the parents and for the child.In the long run,however,divorce is not necessarily psychologically damaging to children,particularly when both parents remain accessible and loving.Whatever the pain that divorce inflicts,it does not seem to sour people on the institutionof marriage.A fourth of the people who get divorced are remarried within the year,and 75percent remarry within nine years of divorce.About five of every six divorced men and threeof every four divorced women marry again.One reason that men are more likely to remarrythan women is that men typically marry younger women.When we consider that by agetwenty-seven women begin outnumbering men,we can see how middle-aged and older menhave a larger pool of potential partners from which to choose than do women.In sum,whilemarriage may be difficult to sustain,it is certainly not going out of style.5.According to the passage,women suffer significant stress whenA.they are forced to leave their childrenB.the property is dividedC.making up their mind to get a divorceD.going to a court6.The divorced parents ignore their childrens anger and fear becauseA.they are poorly prepared for the coming crisisB.they are under great stressC.they think too much about their own problemsD.they have to live on their own7 From this passage we can know thatA.divorce may do greater harm to children mentally and physically than the parentsB.family breakup can be avoided if the couples personal problems are settledC.marriage remains popular in spite of rising divorce rateD.children will lose the parental care and love after their parents get divorced.8.According to the passage,the percentage of remarrying man is higher than that of thewomen byA.25%B.75%C.8%+D.27%Passage ThreeBefore the mid 1860s,the impact of the railroads in the United States was limited,in thesense that the tracks ended at this Missouri River,approximately the center of the country.Atthe point the trains turned their freight,mail,and passengers over to steamboats,wagons,andstagecoaches.This meant that wagon freighting,stage coaching,and steam boating did notcome to an end when the first train appeared;rather they became supplements or feeders.Each new end of trackbecame a center for animal drawn or waterborne transportation.Themajor effect of the railroad was to shorten the distance that had to be covered by the older,slower,and more costly means.Wagon freighters continued operating throughout the 1870sand 1880s and into the 1890s.科目名称：英语共9页第3页Over constantly shrinking routes,coaches and wagons continued to crisscross the Westwherever the rails had not yet been laid.The beginning of a major change was foreshadowedin the later 1860s,when the Union Pacific Railroad at last began to build westward from theCentral Plains city of Omaha to meet the Central Pacific Railroad advancing eastward fromCalifornia through the formidable barrier of the Sierra Nevada.Although President AbrahamLincoln signed the original Pacific Railroad bill in 1862 and a revised,financially much moregenerous version in 1864,little construction was completed until 1865 on the Central Pacificand 1866 on the Union Pacific.The primary reason was skepticism that a Railroad builtthrough so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert,mountain,and semiarid plaincould pay a profit.In the words of an economist,this was a case ofpremature enterprise,where not only the cost of construction but also the very high risk deterred private investment.In discussing the Pacific Railroad bill,the chair of the congressional committee bluntly statedthat without government subsidy no one would undertake so unpromising a venture;yet it wasa national necessity to link East and West together.9.Why does the author refer to the impact of railroads before the late 1860s aslimited?A.Because passengers preferred wagons and stagecoaches.B.Because other modes of transportation had to be employed.C.Because they were only center for waterborne transportation.D.Because the track did not take direct route from one city to city.10.What can be inferred about coaches and wagon freighters as the railroad expanded?A.They developed competing routes.B.Their drivers refused to work for the railroads.C.They began to specialize in private investment.D.There were insufficient trained people to operate them.11.Why does the author mention the Sierra Nevada in Paragraph 2?A.To point out the location of a serious train accident.B.To give an example of obstacles faced by the Central PacificC.To argue that a direct route to the West could have been taken.D.To identify a historically significant mountain range in the West.12.Why little construction was completed though the bill had long been signed?A.Because of a worry that little benefit would be gained.B.Because of a harsh,challenging and thinly settled plainC.Because of a change of the plan owing to the high cost.D.Because of a continued running of coaches and wagons.Passage FourFashion is something we deal with everyday.Even people who say they dont care whatthey wear choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day.One certain thing in the fashion world is change.We are constantly being showered with newfashion ideas from music,videos,books,and television.Movies also have a big impact onwhat people wear.Ray-Ban sold more sunglasses after the movie Men in Black.Sometimes atrend is worldwide.Back in the 1950s,teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis PresleyFashion and styles reveal what groups people are in,but they also create stereotypes and科目名称：英语共9页第4页distance between groups.For instance,a businessman might look at a boy with green hair andmultiple piercings as an outsider.But to another person,the boy behaves strictly suitably.Hedresses a certain way to deliver the message of rebellion and separation,but within that group,the look is uniform.Acceptance or rejection of a style is a reaction to the society we live in.Fashion is a language which tells a story about the person who wears it.Clothes create awordless means of communication that we all understand,according to Katherine Hamnett,atop British fashion designer.Hamnett became popular when her t-shirts with large messageslike Choose Life were worn by several rock bands.Fashion is an endless popularity contest.High fashion is the style of a small group of menand women with a certain taste and authority in the fashion world.People of wealth andposition,buyers for major department stores,editors and writers for fashion magazines are allpart of High Fashion.Some of these expensive and often artistic fashions may triumph andbecome the fashion for the larger majority.Most stay on the runway.Popular fashions are close to impossible to trace.No one can tell how the short skirts andboots worn by teenagers in England in 1960 made it to the runways of Paris,or how bluejeans became so popular in the U.S.,or how hip-hop made it from the streets of the Bronx tothe fashion shows of London and Milan.In the perspective of costume history,it is plain that the dress of any given period isexactly suited to the actual climate of the time.according to James Laver,a noted Englishcostume historian.How did bell-bottom jeans fade into the designer jeans and boots look ofthe 1980s into the baggy look of the 1990s?Nobody really knows.13.According to the second paragraph,the example that teenagers everywhere dressed likeElvis Presley in the 1950s shows thatA.there is constant change in the fashion worldB.stars set world-wide trends in fashionC.fashion is something we deal with everydayD.teenagers can show themselves off with what they are wearing14.A boy with green hair and multiple piercingsA.might be looked down upon by a businessmanB.delivers the message of rebellion and separation to all the peopleC.manages to reveals that his style is uniqueD.might be accepted by some people in the society.15.Which of the following is not included among popular fashions?A.short boots B.baggy skirts C.hip-hop D.bell-bottom jeans16.Which of the following is not true of fashion in terms of this passage?A.People can get some ideas of a person by fashion he wears.B.Most of expensive and artistic fashions fail to be popular with common people.C.The fashion world is characterized by constant changes.D.Popular fashions are of great help to trace costume history.Passage FiveHackers never were part of the mainstream establishment,but their current reputation as科目名称：英语共9页第5页villains of cyberspace is a far cry from the early days when,first and foremost,they were seenas ardent if quirky programmers,capable of near-miraculous,unorthodox feats of machinemanipulation.But the shift in popular perception to hackers as deviants and criminals isimportant not only because it affects the hackers themselves and the extraordinary culture thathas grown around them,but because it reflects shifts in the development,governance,andmeaning of the new information technology.In Hackers:Heroes of the Computer Revolution,Steven Levy traces the roots of evolvinghacker communities to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late 1950s.Here,coremembers of the Tech Model Railroad Club discoveredcomputers first as a tool forenhancing their beloved model railroads and then as objects of passion in their own right.They turned their considerable creative energies to the task of building and programmingMITs early mainframes in uneasy but relatively peaceful coexistence with formal employeesof the universitys technical staff.Formidable programmers,these hackers produced and debugged computer code at anastonishing rate.They helped develop hardware and software for existing computer functionsand invented novel algorithms and applications that were incorporated into subsequentgenerations of computers.These novel functions not only extended recreationalcapabilities-gaming,virtual reality,and digitized music-but also increased practicalcapabilities such as control of robots and processing speeds.Obsessive work also yielded ahost of basic system subroutines and utilities that pushed operating capacities and efficiencyto new heights,and became a fundamental part of what we experience every time we sit infront of a computer.This book describes legendary hacking binges-days and nights with little or nosleep-leading to products that surprised and sometimes annoyed colleagues in mainstreamacademic and research positions.The pure hackdid not respect prescribed methods ortheory-driven,top-down approaches to computer science and engineering.Theunconventional lifestyle did not seem to put off adherents,even though it could be prettyunwholesome:a disregard for patterns of night and day,a diet of junk-food,inattention topersonal appearance and hygiene,and the virtual absence of any life outside of hacking.It was not only single-minded attachment to their craft that defined these early hackersbut their espousal of an ideology informally called the hacker ethic.This creed includedseveral elements:commitment to total and free access to computers and information,belief inthe immense powers of computers to improve peoples lives and create art and beauty,disdainfor obstacles erected against free access to computing,and an insistence that hackers beevaluated by no other criteria than technical virtuosity and accomplishment.In other words,the culture of hacking incorporated political and moral values as well as technical ends17.The relationship between the hacker community and MIT administration in the late 1950scan be best described asA.on good termsB.somewhat unsettledC.hostileD.tricky18.Which of the following is not true in this passage?A.Existing computer functions have been improved with the help of hackers.B.Hackers efforts have contributed to increase capabilities of our compute in severalways.科目名称：英语共9.页第6页