何凯文考研英语二阅读讲义（正式）.pdf

目录11UNIT 1（2017 年）.1UNIT 2（2016 年）.8UNIT 3（2015 年）.15UNIT 4（2014 年）.22UNIT 5（2013 年）.29UNIT 6（2012 年）.36UNIT 7（2011 年）.43UNIT 8（2010 年）.50参考答案.57补充讲义：UNIT9UNIT10更多高端课程务必关注QQ群：283977517更多高端课程务必关注QQ群：2839775171UNIT 1（2017 年）Text 1Every Saturday morning,at 9 am,more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5kmaround their local park.The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends andhas inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad.Events are free,staffed bythousands of volunteers.Runners range from four years old to grandparents;theirtimes range from Andrew Baddeleys world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to anhour.Parkrun is succeeding where Londons Olympic“legacy”is failing.Ten yearsago on Monday,it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be inLondon.Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be tolevel a nation of sport lovers away from their couches.The population would befitter,healthier and produce more winners.It has not happened.The number ofadults doing weekly sport did rise,by nearly 2 million in the runup to 2012butthe general population was growing faster.Worse,the numbers are now falling at anaccelerating rate.The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least twohours of sport a week have nearly halved.Obesity has risen among adults andchildren.Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to“inspire ageneration.”The success of Parkrun offers answers.Parkrun is not a race but a time trial:Your only competitor is the clock.Theethos welcomes anybody.There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer beingclapped over the line as there is about top talent shining.The Olympic bidders,bycontrast,wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes.The dual aim was mixed up:The stress on success over taking part was intimidatingfor newcomers.Indeed,there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in theplanning of such a fundamentally“grassroots”,concept as community sportsassociations.If there is a role for government,it should really be getting involved inproviding common goodsmaking sure there is space for playing fields and themoney to pave tennis and netball courts,and encouraging the provision of all theseactivities in schools.But successive governments have presided over selling greenspaces,squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport ineducation.Instead of wordy,worthy strategies,future governments need to do moreto provide the conditions for sport to thrive.Or at least not make them worse.21.According to Paragraph 1,Parkrun has.A gained great popularityB created many jobsC strengthened community tiesD become an official festival更多高端课程务必关注QQ群：283977517何凯文考研英语二阅读讲义222.The author believes that Londons Olympic“legacy”has failedto.A boost population growthB promote sport participationC improve the citys imageD increase sport hours in schools23.Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it.A aims at discovering talentsB focuses on mass competitionC does not emphasize elitismD does not attract first-timers24.Withregardtomasssport,theauthorholdsthatgovernmentsshould.A organize“grassroots”sports eventsB supervise local sports associationsC increase funds for sports clubsD invest in public sports facilities25.The authors attitude to what UK governments have done for sportsis.A tolerantB criticalC uncertainD sympatheticText 2With so much focus on childrens use of screens,its easy for parents to forgetabout their own screen use.“Tech is designed to really suck on you in,”says JennyRadesky in her study of digital play,“and digital products are there to promotemaximal engagement.It makes it hard to disengage,and leads to a lot of bleed-overinto the family routine.”Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes bygiving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise.She found that mothers who useddevices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewernonverbal interactions with their children.During a separate observation,she sawthat phones became a source of tension in the family.Parents would be looking attheir emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.Infants are wired to look at parentsfaces to try to understand their world,and ifthose faces are blank and unresponsiveas they often are when absorbed in a deviceit can be extremely disconcerting for the children.Radesky cites the“still face更多高端课程务必关注QQ群：2839775173experiment”devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s.In it,amother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blankexpression and not giving her any visual social feedback;the child becomesincreasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mothers attention.“Parents donthave to be exquisitely parents at all times,but there needs to be a balance and parentsneed to be responsive and sensitive to a childs verbal or nonverbal expressions of anemotional need,”says Radesky.On the other hand,Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kidsuseof screens are born out of an“oppressive ideology that demands that parents shouldalways be interacting”with their children:“Its based on a somewhat fantasized,very white,very upper-middle-class ideology that says if youre failing to exposeyour child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.”Tronick believes that justbecause a child isnt learning from the screen doesnt mean theres no value to itparticularly if it gives parents time to have a shower,do housework or simply have abreak from their child.Parents,he says,can get a lot out of using their devices tospeak to a friend or get some work out of the way.This can make them feel happier,which lets them be more available to their child the rest of the time.26.According to Jenny Radesky,digital products are designed to.A simplify routine mattersB absorb usersattentionC better interpersonal relationsD increase work efficiency27.Radeskysfood-testingexerciseshowsthatmothersuseofdevices.A takes away babiesappetiteB distracts childrens attentionC slows down babiesverbal developmentD reduces mother-child communication28.Radesky cites the“still face experiment”to show that.A it is easy for children to get used to blank expressionsB verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchangeC children are insensitive to changes in their parentsmoodD parents need to respond to childrens emotional needs29.TheoppressiveideologymentionedbyTronickrequiresparentsto.A protect kids from exposure to wild fantasiesB teach their kids at least 30,000 words a year更多高端课程务必关注QQ群：283977517何凯文考研英语二阅读讲义4C ensure constant interaction with their childrenD remain concerned about kidsuse of screens30.According to Tronick,kidsuse of screens may.A give their parents some free timeB make their parents more creativeC help them with their homeworkD help them become more attentiveText 3Today,widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunctionwith increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students tocompletely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year.After all,if everyone youknow is going to college in the fall,it seems silly to stay back a year,doesnt it?Andafter going to school for 12 years,it doesnt feel natural to spend a year doingsomething that isnt academic.But while this may be true,its not a good enough reason to condemn gap years.Theres always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the sociallyperpetuated“race to the finish line,”whether that be toward graduate school,medical school or lucrative career.But despite common misconceptions,a gap yeardoes not hinder the success of academic pursuitsin fact,it probably enhances it.Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gapyear are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those whodo not.Rather than pulling students back,a gap year pushes them ahead bypreparing them for independence,new responsibilities and environmental changesall things that first-year students often struggle with the most.Gap year experiencescan lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into abrand new environment,making it easier to focus on academics and activities ratherthan acclimation blunders.If youre not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to exploreinterests,then consider its financial impact on future academic choices.According tothe National Center for Education Statistics,nearly 80 percent of college studentsend up changing their majors at least once.This isnt surprising,considering thebasic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understandingof themselves listing one major on their college applications,but switching toanother after taking college classes.Its not necessarily a bad thing,but depending onthe school,it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game.AtBoston College,for example,you would have to complete an extra year were you toswitch to the nursing school from another department.Taking a gap year to figurethings out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.31.One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is更多高端课程务必关注QQ群：2839775175that.A they think it academically misleadingB they have a lot of fun to expect in collegeC it feels strange to do differently from othersD it seems worthless to take off-campus courses32.StudiesfromtheU.S.and Australiaimplythattakingagapyearhelps.A keep students from being unrealisticB lower risks in choosing careersC ease freshmens financial burdensD relieve freshmen of pressures33.The word“acclimation”(Line 6,Para.3)is closest in meaning to.A adaptationB applicationC motivationD competition34.Agap year may save money for students by helping them.A avoid academic failuresB establish long-term goalsC switch to another collegeD decide on the right major35.The most suitable title for this text would be.A In Favor of the Gap YearB TheABCs of the Gap YearC The Gap Year Comes BackD The Gap Year:ADilemmaText 4Though often viewed as a problem for western states,the growing frequency ofwildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars,saysProfessor Max Moritz,a specialist in fire ecology and management.In 2015,the U.S.Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its$5.5 billion annual budget fighting firesnearly double the percentage it spent onsuch efforts 20 years ago.In effect,fewer federal funds today are going towards theagencys other worksuch as forest conservation,watershed and cultural resources更多高端课程务必关注QQ群：283977517何凯文考研英语二阅读讲义6management,and infrastructure upkeepthat affect the lives of all Americans.Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies aregoing into construction in fire-prone districts.As Moritz puts it,how often arefederal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?“Its already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for thewhole country,”he says.We need to take a magnifying glass to that.Like,“Wait aminute,is this OK?”“Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate onlower-hazard parts of the landscape?”Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way U.S.society todayviews fire,researchers say.For one thing,conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive.Overthe past decade,the focus has been on climate changehow the warming of theEarth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires.While climate is a key element,Moritz says,it shouldnt come at the expense ofthe rest of the equation.“The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked,and theinteractions go both ways,”he says.Failing to recognize that,he notes,leads to“anoverly simplified view of what the solutions might be.Our perception of the problemand of what the solution is becomes very limited.”At the same time,people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to bewholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity,says Professor Balch at theUniversity of Colorado.But acknowledging fires inevitable presence in human lifeis an attitude crucial to developing the laws,policies,and practices that make it assafe as possible,she says.“Weve disconnected ourselves from living with fire,”Balch says.“It isreally important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connectionwith fire today.”36.More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015they.A exhausted unprecedented management effortsB consumed a record-high percentage of budgetC severely damaged the ecology of western statesD caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure37.Moritz calls for the use of“a magnifying glass”to.A raise more funds for fire-prone areasB avoid the redirection of federal moneyC find wildfire-free parts of the landscapeD guarantee safer spending of public funds更多高端课程务必关注QQ群：283977517738.While admitting that climate is a key element,Moritz notes that.A public debates have not settled yetB fire-fighting conditions are improvingC other factors should not be overlookedD a shift in the view of fire has taken place39.TheoverlysimplifiedviewMoritzmentionsisaresultoffailingto.A discover the fundamental makeup of natureB explore the mechanism of the human systemsC maximize the role of landscapes in human lifeD understand the interrelations of man and nature40.Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should.A do away withB come to terms withC pay a price forD keep away from更多高端课程务必关注QQ群：283977517何凯文考研英语二阅读讲义8UNIT 2（2016 年）Text 1Its true that high-school coding classes arent essential for learning computerscience in college.Students without experience can catch up after a few introductorycourses,said Tom Cortina,the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellons School ofComputer Science.However,Cortina said,early exposure is beneficial.When younger kids learncomputer science,they learn that its not just a confusing,endless string of lettersand numbersbut a tool to build apps,or create artwork,or test hypotheses.Its notas hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve thembecomes normal.Giving more children this training could increase the number ofpeople interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap,Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get tocollege,where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim,whichcan drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School,where people pay to learn programming,started as one ofthe many coding bootcamps thats become popular for adults looking for a careerchange.The high-schoolers get the same curriculum,but“we try to gear lessonstoward things theyre interested in,”said Victoria Friedman,an instructor.Forinstance,one of the apps the stud