GBT 18517-2012 制冷术语.pdf

ICS 01.040 A 22 2012-11-05 111 Terminology of refrigeration GB GB/T 18517-2012 1-tffr GB/T 18517-2001 2013-03-01 ;&fl 9:i$AfQOO OO*;tj1i itu71ti!GB/T 18517-2012*cJ:t 00 f;r,il tll filU tl:J!l!Ut fi tffirn$1SIRfQ-11-_!lf1mEJ3 2%000013)t*rnK=:filriiJtm 16%000045)iXXlhl .en,g,!,fia:i:(010)64275323 bl:fi cj:t,i:.,:(010)51780235 Ql;:jlf fllt*ftl:(010)68523946 cJ:t 00 f;r,il tll!ttHHHi.%ffJ iU r f/J iU*:!t!ff;fi$45/is iH*3f;lfs:880Xl230 1/16 fJi/JE 4.25*123-=f*2013 4.:1 l-#R 2013 4.3 l-lXffJiU*45%:155066 1-45942 JE:1fr 57.00 5G:tiofPtl!El3*1fiq:i,L,iFcl!lH 1-x&,Jt*fli iti,li5:(010)68510107 GB/T 18517-2012 filj11f.Ill 1 111 1 2*.1 2.1 r.llll.lt.1 2.2 ffijJ .2 2.3 fin!.lt.;.Z 2.4-3 2.5 iJttmtbl:i:t.4 2.6 fftmt .5 3 fliJ.5 3.1 fff!J:trr!.5 3.2 fff!J ffi;lif.7 3.3 ttIi.SL 8 3.4 fff!J*.11 3.5,1mffl.12 3.6 fff!J:1fU*JflJ.15 3.7 fff!J:lif.16 4 fff!Ji&!:1.t.;.17 4.1 fff!Jffit!L 17 4.2 fff!Jffit!Lffllj:;.18 4.3 fff!Jffimtt 19 4.4 Wt!L 20 4.5 21 4.6 fflf.tj:.24 5$-bli.ii.27 5.1 Jfs:ffl.27 5.2:bOii&!:1.t 30 5.3 JJt.32 5.4-rtu.33 5.5:5tl!ic.34 6 E(.ifll111 .3!5 6.1 Jfs:ffl.35 6.2 ifllj*.35 6.3 ifllli&!:1.t.36 6.4:imJxlra1J.38 7*.39 I GB/T 18517-2012 8 frilll.tt*!:i fl;irill.I;ffi!.,.,.40 8.1:zts:ffl.40 8.z fMi!it:4it!:ifM:i:.43 8.3 fM1:.!JwJ!:ifME1s:.44 9 1ff!J:(:Ettp,r:p a:iUffl.46*5.47 II GB/T 18517-2012*fffi11UP.GB/T 1.1-2009 iliBJ1J.IJ!tl1to*fffi11Ht GB/T 18517-200L GB/T 18517-2001 ffl tt,ffi$Ii:11:tt!Jcjj-3:tt#:lf.1t or:-ftl!l:bllT 3581-#i!;-J!JJ!JT 1321-#i!;-xt Ilf-it J:it!:fr T ifo1 iHIII 5t o*rlm$AOO*$ilio*fffirtm001Mrtfffitl1ttt#fftCSAC/TC 119)Y.3 IJ o*fijrt1it1fl.1.il=OOlfftJrt$,tI:k,gg1cx3m:k$,Wf$:k$,.r.#iJx3m:k$,oo l:kJ JJlf!h IftttM,OOft$tt#Mffi,OOmM$MmitMo*fffirl.1tA:EK,.Qi 00:izf JTIFfX,JJdt,Ii:Jt,5*,!R:&tl*,f3,fh-fL,ttfL,1%Jto*fffi rt m 7X 2t;ff If i5l:;f;i:-GB/T 18517-2001 o m GB/T 18517-2012*fff-11Uf 5i:T 11il*i o*fff-*m r11iJ&EB&ii 11iJ INi-t nm I t tf1 If JI i;,t Jk;f41Vf !0 2.1;Mill 2.1.1 Il-:lJUMiJl ambient temperature 5ltr!lm1*J!rJ!Ell!lm1*tJtn(aiJ EBpf:tJC:lffi./lt:;f;JE()EBilfflJt o 2.1.2 mm;g Ji limiting temperature M-&ltW-Z$MEB&Wi!to 2.1.3 =f El jg Ji air dry-bulb temperature E(.-M-EB*-#EB.:lffi.WiJtttMffiEBWi!to 2.1.4 jJ.EJjglf air wet-bulb temperature Wi!tttEBMSkrffl*EBMBt.E(-M*EBmr*1-tM EBmat,7.K.t-WJM!lmt-1-EBSJt)#J-t:tt,llt&Jt p:;f;JE(EBM1*S!t o 2.1.5 jg Ji dew point temperature E(*EB#r,DM5EffiSE(EB*matEBWi!to 2.1.6!ill ffl;Mi Ji frost point temperature M5i:ffiJJ m*EBlf t r,rmfrE(1*-#$#JI*ff&fiil at EB&Jt;xt rm E(.M 5i:ffiiJffl.*EBMt5Gr,EB*ffBfiilBtEB&!to 2.1.7 llfMiJl saturation temperature M5EffiiJr,!jmJ.W:E(,E(lfil5ltrjLBtEBilff1Jt 0 2.1.8 ;lf;g Ji condensing temperature M5i:ffiJJr,11iJJf1J1-tatEBmmJt o 2.1.9 ;g Ji evaporating temperature MJi:ffiJJr.11iJJflJE(1tatEBmsJt o 2.1.10 J!&jglf suction temperature ffiffLA r:l 5ltE(1*EBSJ3l o GB/T 18517-2012 2.1.11 m 9;jg m discharge temperature ff Vt tf:l a 6lt 4.-I*tt-J Wt J;L 2.1.12 M!-if llij w.jg m superconductor critical temperature it!i i*JA.IE 1lt101it!i o 1:gJi)at tt-JB/t o 2.1.13 llij w.jg m critical temperature 839,ffl-ffltJj-J.to-J.tk,4,ffih*W-o 2.1.14=fjJJ)fjg.lJli.t psychrometer eyffiTat4,tt-J=f.B/tffi&B1ttt-JIo 2.2 ffijJ 2.2.1*9;ffi vapour pressure M f*jt 1*:4,-/*rFt.tt-JffijJ o 2.2.2 tfll*-9;ffi saturated vapour pressure-/t.#tt-J-6ltTtt-J4,rFtt-Jffino 2.2.3 t fll ffi jJ saturation pressure-J.t,4.M4.ffiffiatrMmtt-Jffiho 2.2.4:H 9;ffi jJ discharge pressure ffiVl.11 tfj 4,-1*:tt-Jffih 0 2.2.5 11&9;ffi jJ suction pressure ffiVLIIJkA4,f*tt-Jffih o 2.2.6 llai W.ffi jJ critical pressure WB/tat4,ffi-rfitt-Jfiffiho 2.3;,li.lJl 2.3.1;,Ii 9;humid air EE-=f4,ffi;J(1Jl1*:tt-Jtiir o 2.3.2 M;,li.lJl absolute humidity m-l*M4,r*J(Rtt-Jo 2.3.3*j,li:li humidity ratio i4.,1 kg=f4,at#faJJ(Rtt-Jo 2 GB/T 18517-2012 2.3.4 ffix-fj.!ml relative humidity*ffiABJ*-ff-m&ffl*-ffBJs*2.3.5 t lll saturated air*ffh-&ffiffhBJM.2.3.6*7.1$moisture content.xt f ml:.Ii!Im 195:,*ffi$71(*195:I:!Im 195:,195:I:8J s*tt.2.3.7 jJm IE psychometric chart$M:l:ffiBJfflf&1.fiMfi8JOO.2.3.8 tlll Jl saturation ratio MBJ$m:l:-ffh8Jffl$M:l:Zs*ffi.2.3.9 j.!mJli.t hygrometer ffl rr-f*r&BJ1Sl.2.4 2.4.1 S:heat-:fifit31 m&;t 8J:w%BJt:1:8J&:1:.2.4.2 1m.sensible heat!fmf*MMfi*,m&-wffi:.fiffiWWttiliBJM:I:.2.4.3 latent heat!fml95:ffiMfi*ffiWttiliBJM:I:.2.4.4 1m.tt sensible heat ratio JA-iBJt$8JJreMMJreM+tiM)Zlt.2.4.5 filj heat load 1,8J m&r&14 mw t$m 1111 A)8J M:1:.2.4.6 filj latent heat load 1,W BJM&14 ffiWt$ili 1111A)BJM:I:.2.4.7 1m.filj sensible heat load 1,W 8J m&14 ffiWt$ili 1111 A)8J M:I:.2.4.8 filj load factor ,)iff!J ff:t fiIT t!it JE iff!J ff:t fiIT z tt 0 3 GB/T 18517-2012 2.5 t.1Jttmt:&fi 2.5.1 enthalpy-tt*Iaffi*-mxtffihmm.2.5.2!ljf!j entropy-tt e,xt ey:iJt fi,ff Wi tt Act.raJ ffl 1t:1t:It ey ffl m:fr J:*lR.2.5.3 1Jij exergy*-ettPJ1t:1tffltt.ey-mMMBff:fr 0 2.5.4 jJ ffi-first law of thermodynamics ffWM:i:ffMMhilfi,ffM-:1:i:MMffl.2.5.5 jJ ffi=second law of thermodynamics eyaremMw-;PJM-z%fflWW-;ilJMhilfi1$1iamtt*.2.5.6.11 ffi.:.third law of thermodynamics PJfflm-xt-2.5.7 ffl phase change aiiMMxxtHijWM-ffl(mlffl,.ffl 4.ffl)ff 3t:-ffl ilfi 0 2.5.8 )condensation 4.fflUffl tt1t:1t.2.5.9 evaporation aMff1t4.ffl1t:ilfi.2.5.10,t$sublimation ffl-ilffl-4.fflilfi.2.5.11 f*ffHt liquefaction of gases M-,mffim4.4.ffl1t:fflMfi.2.5.12 liUtiJ mt forced convection mt:tft h nfiiJ ffi-#Mmt:MM.2.5.13?ti vii natural convection rfittf Ii=!t81tJI jW-nfiiJ ffi -#Mrfit:MM.4 2.5.14 JR dehumidification-*-*-Mfi.2.5.15;/JA 1:W.humidification*-*-Mfi.2.5.16.lffl.7.1 dehydration kA4m Jffi:i:J:t-71 jj(fI,jJ:ili:)0 3.1.9 Jl-mFs&S:Ranque-Hilsch effect JAWAff%-W5&J:ili:.3.1.10 Ja 9$&fi-!l Peltier effect ft!.um#-.*,!11.JJY:jJ:ili:.3.1.11 it thermopile mm5&J:ili:-ffft!.-$#o 3.1.12 IIMMH ejector EaPI.A.t!ttfffHI!o*3I1ta-MPIBtJEUii.PIW D 00%ff.M*ff.mffI1tam.-M ffftt-lWo 3.1.13 7 mt vortex tube mff5&J:ili:-#o 3.1.14 ffl;heat pipe-#1t5c14.Mitll 11-&t-ittft_;_,5f:Uffl=BJ-ftffl-$11*:fll!,:I:M-qAfftU:!J3-iqAf o 3.1.15!I)cooling:i1*:l:8fij;:i1Wo 6 3.1.16 3:1 subcooling-mNrmffhrmmNtt.3.1.17 3:1 Jl degree of subcooling ffiffhrmmmNMmNz.3.1.18 3:1 superheat mNrMffhrmmtt.3.1.19 3:1 t.Jl degree of superheat ffimffhrMmmNmmz.3.1.20 3:1 suction superheat ffmJJ&mrffmJJ&ffhmmmmtt.3.1.21 ffiffil adiabatic compression p!Jf.&x ff Mfi.3.1.22 Aft adiabatic expansion P!Jf-11 x !*M fi.3.2 ittJf/1$3.2.1!M ffi$refrigeration cycle GB/T 18517-2012-dmA*m$*nwmm-m mhffi:f.f.3.2.2-t*ffi$Carnot cycle rnM-t-mMfi&M-t-Mfidmhffi:f.f.#ffl*ttM-mM fmill:*iiL 3.2.3 ffi ffil ittJ fl$compression refrigeration cycle rnr;Vtl IJ.9-t-Mfitil.dffi:f.f:Ht-dff JJ&;mdff;Htd ff:fjj(;-11-dJ*.3.2.4 PjUtllitlffi$eject refrigeration cycle mMnmmMmflff*zmM.*ftJJ&fli:f.f 0 3.2.5 ittJ ffi$air refrigeration cycle rn r;Vtl IJ.91-Mfitil.dfli:f.f:i&:ff.1=t.i&.:f.ftp.!*.fti&.iP laJ JJ&.3.2.6 1111 mu ffi$adsorption refrigeration cycle mJJ&ffl*mmtl:f.f.7 GB/T 18517-2012 3.2.7 1&it lt!J ffi$absorption refrigeration cycle fflfflMmff811JM1*1tMffi.3.2.8 Wr*fll$Stirling cycle m=MM=MffillJ-3.2.9 ii IM fll$cascade refrigeration cycle mmmL*llJM*mmllJ-*mmllJm.m*m llJB:ff?)J fM*m ITT-0 3.2.10 fi ffitl fll$auto-cascade refrigeration cycle tiir11111fl1 ITT$rlk:5t1111ffi.3.2.11 )t ffitl ffi$Solver refrigeration cycle ruwITTmIITT-3.2.12 titfb*lt!Jffi$Vuilleumier refrigeration cycle m ttib*r 191s 1aw ITT-#i91ITTJE1!111m,Jt.:1:1&3mfiIBHt-JEITTffifir ti1i13-:ff:itHrI.3.2.13 G-M$tlffi$Gifford-Mcmahon refrigeration cycle m 2f:mttYl fb m r 1950 1a w ITT i,1 m g:oJc 11v1 I ITT1111 m.3.2.14 S:i*ili-tfll$gas liquefaction cycle ilo ,1:,ji,fll xf&iitM T M 1t ITT 1*1M 1111,1:Effi M 9 1111 1fll JHiM1tfmfJHutr W.3.2.15 fEi fl ffitl ffi$indirect refrigeration cycle M-m.Nmm-ITTi*ITT-3.2.16 H.Mll$heat regenerative cycle-$ITTmM1*M-HW*ITTm-mfiM.-m-M,M1*MITT ffi.3.3 ti im!l&I,.R.3.3.1 lt!J ii:refrigerating capacity 1:EmJEireTM-ITT9-ITT-3.3.2*i-at ffi!J ii standard refrigerating capacity fff-l!Eire T1!11:tfLITT111JA.3.3.3 ift lt!J ii net refrigerating capacity 1111.l:ff-ffl r-ITT1!11A.8 GB/T 18517-2012 3.3.4 )J;jJ$input power*AffimW-MffiAffimm-Aw$.W-ffiT-*#I*M trW*L 3.3.5!ffb J;jJ$shaft power 1*igjmf ffim.1:w*o 3.3.6 ii ff-J;jJ$indicated power*fflffi.mI*MfiVOOffittiliW$o 3.3.7 Ii tm coefficient of performance;COP ilvJ t4:I:5 AW$2 tL 3.3.8 fj%!:t energy efficiency ratio;EER:xtrftm itm Affi.tJLilvJt4*,11v1 t4:I:!5 A w$z tt o 3.3.9 f.it!ffb J;jJ$a lliU m:refrigerating effect per shaft power ffimilvJt4:1:5 AW$Z tt o 3.3.10 :l1l!i%!:$isentropic efficiency ffimn-W$!5W$Zo 3.3.11 ii ff-%!:$indicated efficiency ffiw$!5ffiW$Zo 3.3.12 tJL%!:$mechanical efficiency ffimmw$!5W$Ztto 3.3.13.,ltlJ,t m total cooling capacity mt4-mM-t4-*-R:l:!5ffl:l:Zo 3.3.14 i$-,i!?,ltlJ,t m net total cooling capacity Jx1.m w*,ffl,11v1 t4:1:0 3.3.15.llHlliU;t:R sensible heat cooling capacity mtr-RMt4-RM:l:o 3.3.16 ii V,ltlJ,t m latent heat cooling capacity m*RRaffifflt4:l:o 3.3.17 i V,ffl condenser heat t4-fllj 1-:f:lpp 0 9 GB/T 18517-2012 3.3.18 i:t ii heat of subcooling 1 ffl 1*:i:1 :i:1 w ff p tB lfJ.0 3.3.19 ffi!J,JJc fi jJ ice-making capacity tEllJat*mllJ*o 3.3.20 iiii EI m.nominal conditions-=iilitlia:-:1:llJ Jl!i&CJM#JtE:;ff 3c;J:ff,11f jr.tffiAA!&U4 _U;j;jjiz llJ It*14=o 3.3.21 ii I)Jl standard conditions-mttnllJit*#3.3.22 if.I)Jl air conditioning conditions ffimr*#llJ-mM.m*ffimttn.3.3.23,JJc ffi I)Jl refrigerator conditions*fflffimr*#llJ-fflM,ffl*ffiffimttn.3.3.24 lit I)Jl test conditions matllJIffi1JfflMIt*#.3.3.25 m fl I,Jl operating conditions milifiatllJIffi1J.M!i&ffillJIZ5L*#.3.3.26 ffi!J 11 lit refrigeration performance test t1:ailifi*#Tm*fflWt*fillJ.3.3.27:E.:jl lit main test tE iliJ -ia:*fi ti:t at,Y J.iiZ fjij at*mm fir 1f rt:*fi rmtl ,Jt f./j,*)!4f Jt 9!tl !i&ffl tiiit-t&fflllJ-0 3.3.28 lit check test tEiliJ ia:*fitii-Bt y)jiz fjij Bt*fflp;J,jfi!i1fl!*fi9!tl:!I,Jt fl ffl.Jt9!tl:ll!i&fflffl-:E.ttn,ittE-MOOllJ-0 3.3.29=ffitJ*1Jiiffj!secondary fluid calorimeter method:llffim:llllJ-#1Jl!o:llffi-ffl-AffRff,.Rff-A:l:tE-g ffijJ ff lfJ_t$,lt:/JOff1ctEff$#.ff llJ=iliJft=lj Ci(O Rl23 Rl34a)ri.-:lli8fi:llff12.llJ8RN.-*Bt,JtBA$ffi-mllJ 10 GB/T 18517-2012 3.3.30 ffi!J1f!J211:;Jit:E:it$refrigerant vapour flowmeter method m-mf21s:f21s:m.mttffim1J-ey-ffim1Jm001Jffmk.-ffim.fll f21s:ttmmMffi*m*3.3.31 7.1 ,:E:m$water-cooled condensercalorimeter method ffim1J-*-ftmffim-*mN.x *m 1Jmft,Jtk Nt9!tl.,JniJ mi.ffiJJ fll!jJJ(mi.1sc.illitt t9!tl ft 1J m,nr mHt ll 79!tl ffim iJ$JJ.3.3.32.lM 1f!J ffi 211:iJit:E:it$refrigerant-liquid flowmeter method mf21s:.mttffim1Jtteymmmtt mwm.fflttttft-z1JMf21s:ffmk.filmtttt*211:.3.4.1 ffi!J refrigerating system*P.$JJ ttffif,illittffm*ttaffl.*JEa:$JJ niJ,*iXati*mfllN tHf21s:,m*iJJmr*J.3.4.2 1 ti it ffi!J *direct-type refrigerating system*m-ft-!jmKfflfflU,Kffl!j*iJ-3.4.3 fa ti it ffi!J *indirect-type refrigerating system f21s:nu$1J *m*.,J n,J!j,r&Fo*u!j c)!JwJ m c 1aJ)*11:fif,!ptt!p 1J!JwJmc),J*m.3.4.4 3 fdJ*mobile system:(iJJN*$Jl*m.3.4.5 II!M ffi!J *eject refrigerating system ii ffiRillitt,51 M ll Rft*F:.t-,-ffltltttt Yrffl 1J11ffi.lllffJtf ffift*frffi,rm-fff!tlIDiiffi,nrrm:im,JiJ*m 3.4.6 1&it ffi!J *absorption refrigerating system mf21s:Rft*mYr*-ft*mYr.Tm1J nu x$Ji:ii ffiJJ :.t ft*110 m,rm*ll$JJ niJ ,i*ft*f2ls:,t nrARftm*m 3.4.7 ft ffll:-1&it ffi!J *diffusion-absorption refrigerating system*mTmfllmz*mc)*-#KfflffiJJ 11 GB/T 18517-2012 i!vJ*to 3.4.8*JLl$11,t mechanical refrigerating system ilimffimffim*ffi*m 3.4.9 ffi$11,t compression refrigerating system ttmffin*-*m 3.4.10 it$11,t cascade refrigerating system i-$*mmMm*m.-*m,ffiffi m,tt,ilmt:m#J*llfllll.Mtt:Mtffllll.M.3.4.11 tl;t$11;t refrigerating system with cooling storage*m.m*ml*J.m.-kA*mite.3.4.12 S defrosting Afllll.ffi*ffltt.3.4.13 ffi$iii reverse-cycle defrosting tt*mttmkAw*ttffiffl.3.4.14$11;t jflJ:jijffi$*-refrigerant recirculation rate mmmmmtttttmmaffiaz.3.4.15 tl;tt&hold-over plate Amttwe.#M*mffl.mrMmff.3.4.16 ii;t:&hold-over coil fiJfflff l*J(lj(*-ff 0 3.4.17 lli!J,t .I:refrigerating plant i!vJ*a9,.ffimm,li#f4,t1lvJ,*JSz.OOt.PM#J.3.4.18 fj:Ii if.capacity regulator-ffimmrooilwam#Jd.3.4.19;t ii!ID 1&cold recovery.fllll.mt:ttmn.3.5$11,t*JL ffi.3.5.1$11,t*JL refrigerating machine ffiml*JH*&*m-8*.12 GB/T 18517-2012 3.5.2 ffi ffii j*J fJl vapour compression refrigerating machine*ffAMffiIfFBJMm.#mffm.mB#m.3.5.3*JfJl air turbine refrigerating machine jg 1M JflJ *R flitJ I fF ff m *=m jg t$e:it BJ flitJ m.3.5.4 El j$J fl regenerative air refrigerating machine*ftBJMtJL.MB*WElJB.ffft*-BJB.ff m:fix,1tBJW:1ftnruBJ=J3tfij;.3.5.5 fli 7.ffi.$J fJl cryogenic refrigerating machine flitJJl:itfij;B#120 K F)BJflitJtJL.3.5.6$J fJl helium refrigerator jg flitJ JflJ flitJ 1l:it fij;B BJflitJ tJL.3.5.7 3 -4 lU!ff$J fl 3 He-4 He dilution refrigerator*M1-MIfFElJBMtJL.3.5.8 ll!Mj$JfJl eject refrigerating machine*MRMAMffiIfFElJMtJL.3.5.9 ii.7J l!bt lit j$J m ammonia-water absorption refrigerating machine jgflitJJflJ,Jj(jglf&i&JflJ,*P.ll&i&AflitJ 1JiI fF BJflitJ tJL.3.5.10 a 7J l!bt lit j*J fJl single-stage ammonia-water absorption refrigerating 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IIDfliJ;f-l!it:it*JLffl GAX efficient ammonia-absorption-cycle heat recovery unit fiJffl.5f.X GAX(generator-absorber heat exchange):mffl 8J IV,.7j(m11 I.:8J Pkq1(jmtl:l a 3.5.22 jf 1-t W llJit:it$1 *JL lithiumbromide-absorption refrigerating machine 7j(111ffll Jflj,ffl 1-tff 7j(m 11 JflJ,*j ilvJ f!I fl:ErJ ilvJ ma 3.5.23 jf 1-t ff llJit:it$1 *JL single-effect lithiumbromide-absorption refrigerating machine A-8Jffl-Ama 3.5.24 fl 1-t ff llJit:it$1 *JL double-effect lithiumbromide-absorption refrigerating machine Amu8Jffl-Ama 3.5.25 jf-f.tffl!it:it*11.ffl multi-effect lithiumbromide-absorption refrigerating unit 11*ffl-m*ffl$j.-8Jmma 3.5.26 Fal il 1-t ff llJit:it flitl *JL one-shell Iithiumbromide-absorption refrigerating machine ff,q1c ff,-ff,-ff I!IH4-1-l*J$*llii$!rt.:8J f*l*J 8J ffl W A:ilvJ ma 3.5.27 Fal il 1-t ff llJit:it$1 *JL two-shell lithiumbromide-absorption refrigerating machine-ffffr-1-.f*l*J,.ffffr-1-f*l*J8Jffl-j.;ma 3.5.28 jf 1-t ff llJit:it$J *JL two-stage Iithiumbromide-absorption refrigerating machine Ammu8Jffl-Ama 3.5.29 i fl 1-t ff llJit:it$1 *JL direct-fired Iithiumbromide-absorption ref