2016年考研英语一真题.docx

· 绝密★启用前 2016 年全国硕士研究生招生考试 英语（一） （科目代码：201） ☆考生注意事项☆ 1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。 2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。 3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。 4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。 5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。 （以下信息考生必须认真填写） 考生编号 考生姓名 16 本资料由淘宝店铺：光速考研工作室 整理汇编 如需题型分类版试题可进店获取 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family. The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby. Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she G 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait ten months. 1. [A] as well as 2. [A] adapt to 3. [A] renew 4. [A] In theory [B] by way of [B] provide for [B] close [B] In time [C] on behalf of [C] compete with [C] arrange [C] Above all [D] with regard to [D] decide on [D] postpone [D] For example 5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless 6. [A] within [B] into [C] from [D] through 7. [A] since [B] or [C] so [D] but 8. [A] test [B] recite [C] copy [D] create 9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying 10. [A] passing [B] lighting [C] hiding [D] serving 11. [A] association [B] meeting [C] collection [D] union 12. [A] grow [B] part [C] live [D] deal 13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if 14. [A] follow [B] obtain [C] challenge [D] avoid 15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed 16. [A] whatever [B] however [C] whenever [D] wherever 17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed 18. [A] withdrawn [B] invested [C] donated [D] divided 19. [A] clears [B] shows [C] warms [D] breaks 20. [A] while [B] once [C] so that [D] in that Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting. Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death – as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep – and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry. 21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France? [A] Physical beauty would be redefined. [B] New runways would be constructed. [C] Websites about dieting would thrive. [D] The fashion industry would decline. 22. The phrase “impinging on” (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to [A] indicating the state of. [B] heightening the value of. [C] losing faith in. [D] doing harm to. 23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry? [A] The French measures have already failed. [B] Its inherent problems are getting worse. [C] Models are no longer under peer pressure. [D] New standards are being set in Denmark. 24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for [A] pursuing perfect physical conditions. [B] caring too much about models’ character. [C] showing little concern for health factors. [D] setting a high age threshold for models. 25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text? [A] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry [B] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty [C] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France [D] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals Text 2 For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result.While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship. At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorising “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties. The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones? Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative – the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum. 26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside [A] is not well reflected in politics. [B] is fully backed by the royal family. [C] didn’t start till the Shakespearean age. [D] has brought much benefit to the NHS. 27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being [A] largely overshadowed. [B] properly protected. [C] effectively reinforced. [D] gradually destroyed. 28. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3? [A] Labour is under attack for opposing development. [B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building. [C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation. [D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence. 29. The author holds that George Osborne’s preference [A] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas. [B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis. [C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure. [D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas. 30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of [A] the size of population in Britain. [B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain. [C] the town-and-country planning in Britain. [D] the political life in today’s Britain. Text 3 “There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies – at least when they are prosecuted for corruption. The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others. Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect. The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines. In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher. Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment. 31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with [A] tolerance. [B] skepticism. [C] approval. [D] uncertainty. 32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by [A] guarding it against malpractices. [B] protecting it from being defamed. [C] winning trust from consumers. [D] raising the quality of its products. 33. The expression “more lenient” (Para.4) is closest in meaning to [A] less controversial. [B] more effective. [C] more lasting. [D] less severe. 34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record [A] has an impact on their decision. [B] comes across as reliable evidence. [C] increases the chance of being penaliz