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微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台2011 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D onANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exercise precious to health.”But 1 some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.Laughterdoes 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,3 heart rate and oxygenconsumption.But because hard laughter is difficult to 4,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.6,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes the 7.Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter8 muscles,decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutesafter the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act oflaughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback that improve an individuals emotionalstate.11 one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions.It was arguedat the end of the 19thcentury that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but that they become sad when the tearsbegin to flow.Although sadness also 14 tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses.In anexperiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Wrzburg in Germanyasked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth thereby creating an artificial smile or with their lips,which would produce a(n)17 expression.Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 moreenthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown,19 thatexpressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.20,the physical act of laughtercould improve mood.1.A amongB exceptC despiteD like2.A reflectB demandC indicateD produce3.A stabilizing B boostingC impairingD determining4.A transmitB sustainC evaluateD observe5.A measurableB manageable C affordableD renewable6.A In turnB In factC In additionD In brief7.A oppositeB impossible C averageD expected8.A hardensB weakensC tightensD relaxes9.A aggravateB generateC moderateD enhance10.A physicalB mentalC subconsciousD internal微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台11.A ExceptforB According toC Due toD As for12.A withB onC inD at13.A unlessB untilC ifD because14.A exhaustsB followsC precedesD suppresses15.A intoB fromC towardsD beyond16.A fetchB biteC pickD hold17.A disappointed B excitedC joyfulD indifferent18.A adaptedB cateredC turnedD reacted19.A suggestingB requiringC mentioningD supposing20.A EventuallyB ConsequentlyC SimilarlyD ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire AlanGilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the suddenannouncement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert iscomparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilberts appointment in theTimes,callshim“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of thenext music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and PierreBoulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure,heperforms an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery FisherHall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or bootup my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing thepoint.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete notonly with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recordedperformances of the great classical musicians of the 20thcentury.These recordings are cheap,availableeverywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than todays live performances;moreover,they canbe“consumed”at a time and place of the listeners choosing.The widespread availability of such recordingshas thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet availableon record.Gilberts own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,hasdescribed him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibrantorganization.”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestras repertoire willnot be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship betweenAmericas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes toattract.21.We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilberts appointment hasA incurred criticism.B raised suspicion.C received acclaim.D aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who isA influential.B modest.C respectable.D talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoersA ignore the expenses of live performances.B reject most kinds of recorded performances.C exaggerate the variety of live performances.D overestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?A They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.B They are easily accessible to the general public.C They help improve the quality of music.D They have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilberts role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feelsA doubtful.B enthusiastic.C confident.D puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation wassurprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and saidhe was leaving“to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was“very much my微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台decision,”McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of HartfordFinancial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company hewanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isnt alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they werelooking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executiveswho dont get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managerscautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jumpwithout a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck withthe leaders they had,according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound foraspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives andheadhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who mustbe poached.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:“I cant think of a single search Ive done where aboard has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit aschief of Tropicana a decade ago,saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of atiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be aCEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for topperformers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“Thetraditional rule was its safer to stay where you are,but thats been fundamentally inverted,”says oneheadhunter.“The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long.”26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbe describedas beingA arrogant.B frank.C self-centered.D impulsive.27.According to Paragraph 2,senior executives quitting may be spurred byA their expectation of better financial status.B their need to reflect on their private life.C their strained relations with the boards.D their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)most probably meansA approved of.B attended to.C hunted for.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台D guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA top performers used to cling to their posts.B loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.C top performers care more about reputations.D its safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A CEOs:Where to Go?B CEOs:All the Way Up?C Top Managers Jump without a NetD The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.Whiletraditional“paid”mediasuch as television commercials and print advertisements still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product maycreate“earned”media by willingly promoting it to friends,and a company may leverage“owned”media bysending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumersnow approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketings impact stems from a broadrange of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media,suchmarketers act as the initiator for users responses.But in some cases,one marketers owned media becomeanother marketers paid media for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.Wedefine such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their contentor e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectivelybegan with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson&Johnson,for example,has created BabyCenter,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementaryand even competitive products.Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the siteseem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of othercompanies marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions inquicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,other stakeholders,or activists who make negativeallegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,are learning that they canhijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting thereputation of the target company at risk.In such a case,the companys response may not be sufficiently quickor thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of thedamage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-mediaresponse campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and thesocial-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create“earned”media when they areA obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.C eager to help their friends promote quality products.D enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph 2,sold media featureA a safe business environment.B random competition.C strong user traffic.D flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned mediaA invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C may be responsible for fiercer competition.D deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motors experience is cited as an example ofA responding effectively to hijacked media.B persuading customers into boycotting products.C cooperating with supportive consumers.D taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?A Alternatives to conventional paid media.B Conflict between hijacked and earned media.C Dominance of hijacked media.D Popularity of owned media.Text 4Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I Love My Children,I HateMy Life,”is arousing much chatter nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing isanything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children makeparents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tensecondition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the onlyMadonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive and newlysingle mom Sandra Bullock,as well as the usual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news.Practically every weekfeatures at least one celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is it any wonder that admitting you regret havingchildren is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing?It doesnt seem quite fair,then,to compare there