2014真题.pdf

绝密启用前2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）(科目代码：201)1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。(以下信息考生必须认真填写)考生编号考生姓名SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycantremember_l_weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintancesname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2，werefertothese3seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n)4impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal5Neuroscientists,expertswhostudytheoccurrencesasseniormoments.system,areincreasinglyshowingthattheresactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo，andtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11，becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice，scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort.Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirst“braintrainingprogram”designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,nervousit18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsexerciseroutinerequiresyoutoyouaredevelopingmuchlikea(n)increaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.20英 语（一）试 题.1.(共1 4页）1.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.whyD.collapsesD.WhileB.fadesC.2.A.improvesrecovers3.A.IfB.UnlessC.OnceB.limitedC.damagingC.relationshipC.pointsC.workoutsC.circumstancesD.criterionD.obscure4.A.uneven5.A.wellbeing6.A.turns7.A.roundaboutsB.responses8.A.genre9.A.channelB.environmentD.outlookB.findsD.figuresD.associationsB.functionsB.conditionB.believeB.Moreover12.A.accordingtoB.regardlessofC.apartfromB.furtherC.sequenceC.excelD.processD.feature10.A.persist11.A.ThereforeC.OtherwiseD.HoweverD.insteadofC.aside13.A.backD.aroundC.frameworkD.flexibilityD.allowsB.stabilityB.reminds14.A.sharpness15.A.forcesC.hurriesB.trackC.order16.A.holdD.paceD.onD.unusuallyD.takeC.forB.with17.A.toB.habituallyB.putB.effective18.A.irregularly19.A.carry20.A.riskyC.constantlyC.buildD.familiarC.idleSectionnReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)英 语（一）试 题.2.(共1 4页）Text1Inorderto“changelivesforthebetter，andreduce“dependency，”GeorgeOsborne，ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe“upfrontworksearch”scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefitandthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseekersallowance.“Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon，”heclaimed.“Weredoingthesethingsbecauseknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.Help?Really?Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith“reforms”toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunem-ployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor“fundamentalfairness”protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.weLosingajobishurting:youdontskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted；youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.ButinOsbomeland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependencypermanentdependencyifyoucangetitsupportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase“jobseekersallowance”isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa“jobseeker”whohadnofundamentalrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited“allowance,”conditionalonactivelyseekingajob；noentitlementandnoinsurance,at71.70aweek,oftheleastgenerousintheEU.one英语（一）试题.3.(共14页）21.GeorgeOsbornesschemewasintendedto.A.providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefitsB.encouragejobseekersactiveengagementinjobseekingC.motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarilyD.guaranteejobseekerslegitimaterighttobenefits22.Thephrase“tosignon”(Line3，Para.2)mostprobablymeansA.tocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentreB.toacceptthegovernmentsrestrictionsontheallowanceC.toregisterforanallowancefromthegovernmentD.toattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram23.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?A.Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.B.Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed.C.Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.D.Apassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.24.AccordingtoParagraph3，beingunemployedmakesonefeelA.uneasyB.enragedC.insultedD.guilty25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?A.TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekerslaziness.B.Osbornesreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment.C.Thejobseekersallowancehasmettheiractualneeds.D.Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.英语（一）试题.4.(共1 4页）Text2Allaroundtheworld，lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofessionwiththepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica.Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare.Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleduca-tion.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpen-sivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleavestodaysaveragelaw-schoolgradu-atewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyastemenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoStudentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyareso.athird.Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirmsefficiency.Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.英语（一）试题.5(共14页）26.AlotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessionduetoA.thegrowingdemandfromclientsB.theincreasingpressureofinflationC.theprospectofworkinginbigfirmsD.theattractionoffinancialrewards27.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates?A.Highertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies.B.Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation.C.Pursuingabachelorsdegreeinanothermajor.D.Receivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations.28.HindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfromA.lawyersandclientsstrongresistanceB.therigidbodiesgoverningtheprofessionC.thestemexamforwould-belawyersD.non-professionalssharpcriticism29.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsidered“restrictive”partlybecauseitA.bansoutsidersinvolvementintheprofessionB.keepslawyersfromholdinglaw-firmsharesC.aggravatestheethicalsituationinthetradeD.preventslawyersfromgainingdueprofits30.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscusses.A.flawedownershipofAmericaslawfirmsanditscausesB.thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmericaC.aprobleminAmericaslegalprofessionandsolutionstoitD.theroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmericaslegaleducation英 语（一）试 题.6.(共1 4页）Text3TheUS$3-millionFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisindeedaninterestingexperi-ment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyearsawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay，andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience.Whatsnottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels.Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewanttoshock，otherstodrawpeopleintoscience，ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch.AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore，therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizesbothnewandoldaredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundationslimitofthreerecipientsperprize，eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollabo-rativenatureofmodemresearchaswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelswere，ofcourse，themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Time，ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards，twothingsseemclear.First，mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedSecond,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoratherthangoelsewhere.Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanismthatisthecultureofresearch,afterallbutitistheprize-giversmoneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandone.sciencegrace.英语（一）试题.7.(共1 4页）31.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenasA.asymboloftheentrepreneurswealthB.apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizesC.anexampleofbankersinvestmentsD.ahandsomerewardforresearchers32.ThecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefitA.theprofit-orientedscientistsB.thefoundersofthenewawardsC.theachievement-basedsystemD.peer-review-ledresearch33.ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolvesA.controversiesovertherecipients9statusB.thejointeffortofmodemresearchersC.legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizesD.thedemonstrationofresearchfindings34.AccordingtoParagraph4，whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels?A.Theirendurancehasdonejusticetothem.B.Theirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.C.Theyarethemostrepresentativehonor.D.Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.35.TheauthorbelievesthatthenewawardsareA.acceptabledespitethecriticismB.harmfultothecultureofresearchC.subjecttoundesirablechangesD.unworthyofpublicattention英 语（一）试 题.8.(共1 4页）Text4“TheHeartoftheMatter，”thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcade-myofArtsandSciences(AAAS)，deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereportsfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.In2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenbyfederal，stateandlocalgovernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandothers”to“maintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation.”Inresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthecommissions51membersaretop-tier-universitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,andbusinessexecutives,aswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicandjournalism.Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepre-sentativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportsfullliteracy；stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment；andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechno-logies.Toencourageinnovationandcompetition,thereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudentsabilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcentury,increasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobeargreaterstudyofforeignlanguages,internationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroadprograms.Unfortunately,despite2/2yearsinthemaking,“TheHeartoftheMatter”nevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.ThecommissionignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmericascollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodontknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizing“progressive,”left-liberalpropaganda.Today,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconserva-tiveorclassicalliberalideassuchasfreemarketsandself-relianceasfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate,intellectualinvesti-gation.thegreatchallengesoftheday.ThereportalsoadvocatesonorTheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.YetitsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.英 语（一）试 题.9.(共1 4页）36.AccordingtoParagraph1，whatistheauthorsattitudetowardtheAAASsreport?A.Critical.B.Appreciative.C.Contemptuous.D.Tolerant.37.Influentialfiguresinth