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微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台1 120152015 年全国硕士研究生入学考试年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语英语一试题一试题SectionSection I I UseUse ofof EnglishEnglishDirections:Directions:ReadRead thethe followingfollowing text.text.ChooseChoose thethe bestbest word(s)word(s)forfor eacheach numberednumbered blankblank andand markmarkA,A,B,B,C C oror D D onon ANSWERANSWER SHEETSHEET 1.1.(10(10 points)points)We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than withstrangers.Though not biologically related,friends are as related as fourth cousins,sharing about 1%of genes.That is 1 a study publishedfrom the University of Californiaand Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has 2.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairsof unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used in both 5.While 1%may seem 6,it is not so to a geneticist.As co-author of the study JamesFowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says,Most people do not even7their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 ourkin.The team 9 developed a friendship score which can predict who will be your friendbased on their genes.The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friendsbut not genes for immunity.Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult toexplain,for now.10,as the team suggests,it draws us 11similar environments butthere is more to it.There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12us inchoosing genetically similar friends 13 functional kinship of being friends with14!One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem tobe evolving 15 than other genes.Studying this could help 16 why human evolution pickedpace in the last 30,000 years,with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18to befriend those of similaret 19 backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from apopulation of European extraction,care was taken to 20that all subjects,friends andstrangers were taken from the same population.The team also controlled the data tocheck ancestry of subjects.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台2 21.A whenB whyC howD what2.A defendedB concludedC withdrawnD advised3.A forB withC onD by4.A comparedB soughtC separatedD connected5.A testsB objectsC samplesD examples6.A insignificantB unexpectedC unreliableD incredible7.A visitB missC seekD know8.A resembleB influenceC favorD surpass9.A againB alsoC insteadD thus10.A MeanwhileB FurthermoreC LikewiseD Perhaps11.A aboutB toC fromD like12.A driveB observeC confuseD limit13.A according toB rather thanC regardless ofD along with14.A chancesB responsesC missionsD benefits15.A laterB slowerC fasterD earlier16.A forecastB rememberC understandD express17.A unpredictableB contributoryC controllableD disruptive18.A endeavorB decisionC arrangementD tendency19.A politicalB religiousC ethnicD economic20.A seeB showC proveD tellSectionSection ReadingReading ComprehensionComprehensionPartPart A ADirections:Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text1Text1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“kings dont abdicate,they die in their sleep.”But embarrassingscandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his wordsand stand down.So,does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does that mean thewriting is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularlypolarised,as it was following the end of the Franco regime,monarchs can rise above“mere”politics and“embody”a spirit of national unity.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台3 3It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads ofstate.And so,the Middle East excepted,Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,with 10kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf andAsia,most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for anon-controversial but respected public figure.Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very historyand sometimes the way they behave todayembodies outdated and indefensibleprivileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of risinginequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families shouldstill be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes andprincesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses(or helicopters).Even so,these are wealthy familieswho party with the international 1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain theright image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,it is theBritish royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary(ifwell-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensive taste of lifestyleand a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survivedbecause they provide a serviceas non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought toknow that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans,who are the monarchys worst enemies.21.According to the first two Paragraphs,King Juan Carlosof Spain_.A used to enjoy high public supportB was unpopular among European royalsC eased his relationship with his rivalsD ended his reign in embarrassment22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly_.A owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC to give voters more public figures to look up toD due to their everlasting political embodiment23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.B The role of the nobility in modern democracies.C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24.The British royals“have most to fear”because Charles_.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台4 4A takes a rough line on political issuesB fails to change his lifestyle as advisedC takes republicans as his potential alliesD fails to adapt himself to his future role25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Carlos,Glory and Disgrace CombinedB Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneC Carlos,a Lesson for All European MonarchsD Charles,Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText2Text2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Court will now considerwhether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around aperson during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the oldassumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard,the state argues,for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice.Enough of the implications arediscernable,even obvious,so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyersand defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to,say,going through a suspects purse.The court hasruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of anarrestee without a warrant.But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home.Asmartphone may contain an arrestees reading history,financial history,medical history and comprehensiverecords of recent correspondence.The development of“cloud computing,”meanwhile,has made thatexploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.But keeping sensitive information on thesedevices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.Citizens still have a right to expect private documents toremain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case,stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drawing.In many cases,itwould not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.Theycould still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe,urgent circumstances,and they couldtake reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant.Thecourt,though,may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole.New,disruptive technology sometimesdemands novel applications of the Constitutions protections.Orin Kerr,a law professor,compares the微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台5 5explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile useas a virtual necessity of life in the 20th:The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain ofthe passenger car then;they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme Court will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate to_.A prevent suspects from deleting their phone contentsB search for suspects mobile phones without a warrantC check suspects phone contents without being authorizedD prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones27.The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of_.A disapprovalB indifferenceC toleranceD cautiousness28.The author believes that exploring ones phone contents is comparable to_.A getting into ones residenceB handling ones historical recordsC scanning ones correspondencesD going through ones wallet29.In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that_.A principles are hard to be clearly expressedB the court is giving police less room for actionC citizens privacy is not effectively protectedD phones are used to store sensitive information30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that_.A the Constitution should be implemented flexiblyB new technology requires reinterpretation of the ConstitutionC Californias argument violates principles of the ConstitutionD principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText3Text3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals,afterwidespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of manypublished research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in aneditorial.Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to astatistic board of reviewing editors(SBoRE).Manuscript will beflagged upfor additional scrutiny by the微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台6 6journals internal editors,or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.TheSBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said:“The creation of thestatistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis inscientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,a member of the SBoREgroup,says he expects the board to“play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he“found theforesight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel,unique and likely to have a lasting impact.Thisimpact will not only be through the publications in Science itself,but hopefully through a larger group ofpublishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis,a physician who studies research methodology,says that the policy is“a most welcomestep forward”and“long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in statistical review,and this damages the qualityof what they publish.I think that,for the majority of scientific papers nowadays,statistical review is moreessential than expert review,”he says.But he noted that biomedical journals such asAnnals of InternalMedicine,the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statisticalreview.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data,but statistical errors are alarminglycommon in published research,according to David Vaux,a cell biologist.Researchers should improve theirstandards,he wrote in 2012,but journals should also take a tougher line,“engaging reviewers who arestatistically literate and editors who can verify the process.”Vaux says thatSciences idea to pass some papersto statisticians“has some merit,but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutiny in the first place”.31.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that_.A Science intends to simplify its peer-review processB journals are strengthening their statistical checksC few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysisD lack of data analysis is common in research projects32.The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to_.A foundB markedC revisedD stored33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may_.A pose a threat to all its peersB meet with strong oppositionC increase Sciences circulationD set an example for other journals34.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now_.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台7 7A adds to researchers workloadB diminishes the role of reviewersC has room for further improvementD is to fail in the foreseeable future35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText4Text4Two years ago,Rupert Murdochs daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the“unsettling dearth of integrity acrossso many of our institutions.”Integrity had collapsed,she argued,because of a collective acceptance that theonly“sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market.But“its us,human