2016真题.pdf

绝密启用前2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）(科目代码：201)1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。(以下信息考生必须认真填写)考生编号考生姓名SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B，CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itthoseoftheyoungmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends,woman,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan2alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto3themarriagenegotiations,ortheyoungmansparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection.4，agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.5aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying6agoodfamily.Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthree1bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistprayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonydays,priestsofferashortsermonandinvolveritualhaircutting,9cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundthe8candlearoundacircleofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe11Newlywedstraditionallymoveinwiththewifesparentsandmay12withthemuptoayear,13theycanbuildanewhousenearby.Divorceislegalandeasyto14，butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare15withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains16propertyheorsheintothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis18equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice19up:Thedivorcedmaledoesnthaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry20thewomanmustwaittenmonths.bridesandgroomswrists,and_0a17英 语（一）试 题1(共1 4页）1.A.bywayof2.A.adapttoB.onbehalfofC.aswellasD.withregardtoC.competewithD.decideonB.providefor3.A.closeB.C.arrangeC.IntimeD.postponeD.ForexampleD.Unlessrenew4.A.AboveallB.IntheoryB.Lest5.A.Although6.A.intoC.AfterC.fromB.withinD.through7.A.sinceB.butC.orD.so8.A.copy9.A.folding10.A.passing11.A.meeting12.A.grow13.A.whereasB.testC.reciteD.createB.pilingB.lightingB.collectionC.wrappingC.hidingD.tyingD.servingC.associationD.unionB.partB.untilC.dealD.liveC.ifD.forB.follow14.A.obtainC.challengeD.avoid15.A.isolatedB.persuadedB.howeverC.viewedD.exposedD.wherever16.A.whateverC.whenever17.A.changed18.A.withdrawnB.broughtC.shapedC.donatedD.pushedD.dividedB.invested19.A.breaksB.C.showsD.clearswarms20.A.sothatB.whileC.onceD.inthatSectionnReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)英 语（一）试 题.2.(共1 4页）Text1France，whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion，hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat“inciteexcessivethinness”bypromotingextremedieting.haveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.Thatsastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath一assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchSuchmeasurespunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deepandbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrancesactions,Denmarksfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:“Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.”ThechartersmaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek(CFW),whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.onsevere英语（一）试题.3.(共1 4页）21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?A.Newrunwayswouldbeconstructed.B.Physicalbeautywouldberedefined.C.Websitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.D.Thefashionindustrywoulddecline.22.Thephrase“impingingon”(Line2，Para.2)isclosestinmeaningtoA.heighteningthevalueofB.indicatingthestateofC.losingfaithinD.doingharmto23.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry?A.NewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.B.TheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.C.Modelsarenolongerunderpeerpressure.D.Itsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.24.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWforA.pursuingperfectphysicalconditionsB.caringtoomuchaboutmodelscharacterC.showinglittleconcernforhealthfactorsD.settingahighagethresholdformodels25.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?A.AChallengetotheFashionIndustrysBodyIdealsB.ADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFranceC.JustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeautyD.TheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustry英 语（一）试 题.4.(共1 4页）Text2Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry，thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosavethebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.”Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair.”Hillspressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydontmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiessentiment.TheConservativesplanningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorising“off-plan”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConservativeparties.Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesis wherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonareaalone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathat“housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEuropesmostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.ThereisnodoubtofthealternativethecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,Spainpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.likelytoendorsethisseemIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanor英 语（一）试 题.5.(共1 4页）26.BritainspublicsentimentaboutthecountrysideA.didntstarttilltheShakespeareanageB.hasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHSC.isfullybackedbytheroyalfamilyD.isnotwellreflectedinpolitics27.AccordingtoParagraph2，theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarebeingA.graduallydestroyedB.effectivelyreinforcedC.largelyovershadowedD.properlyprotectednow28.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A.Labourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.B.TheConservativesmayabandon“off-plan”building.C.TheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.D.Ukipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.29.TheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsbornespreferenceA.highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressureB.showshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareasC.stressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisisD.revealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas30.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciationofA.thesizeofpopulationinBritainB.thepoliticallifeintodaysBritainC.theenviableurbanlifestyleinBritainD.thetown-and-countryplanninginBritain英 语（一）试 题.6.(共1 4页）Text3“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness，”wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,“Thatis，touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.ButFriedmanspremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholdersmoney,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompaniesatleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thatacompanysproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompanysproductsdonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse“haloeffect，wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.ifyouacceptevenanindirectwaytoasPreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmericasForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotcompanysproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetanalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirmspoliticalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompanysrecordinCSR.“Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials,saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostlypunishment.becauseconsumerscanconsumealenientpenalties.Theirmore英 语（一）试 题.7.(共1 4页）31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedmansstatementaboutCSRwithA.toleranceB.skepticismC.uncertaintyD.approval32.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanybyA.winningtrustfromB.guardingitagainstmalpracticesC.protectingitfrombeingdefamedD.raisingthequalityofitsproductsconsumers33.Theexpressionmorelenient”(Line2，Para.4)isclosestinmeaningtoA.moreeffectiveB.lesscontroversialC.lesssevereD.morelasting34.Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompanysCSRrecordA.hasanimpactontheirdecisionB.comesacrossasreliableevidenceC.increasesthechanceofbeingpenalizedD.constitutespartoftheinvestigation35.WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Itsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlooked.B.Thenecessaryamountofcompaniesspendingonitisunknown.C.Companiesfinancialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimated.D.Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.英 语（一）试 题.8.(共1 4页）Text4daywhenTheNewYorkTimesceasestopublishstoriesonnewsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate.“Sometimeinthefuture，”thepaperspublishersaidbackin2010.Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,theresplentyofincentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspaperprintingpresses,deliverytrucksisntjustexpensive；itsexcessiveatatimewhenonline-onlycompetitorsdonthavethesamesetoffinancialconstraints.Readersaremigratingawayfromprintanyway.Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironlineandmobilecounterparts,revenuefromprintisstilldeclining.Overheadmaybehighandcirculationlower,butrushingtoeliminateitsprinteditionwouldbeamistake,saysBuzzFeedCEOJonahPeretti.PerettisaystheTimesshouldntwastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusiness,butonlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightway.“Figuringoutawaytoacceleratethattransitionwouldmakesensefort h e m h esaid,butifyoudiscontinueit,youregoingtohaveyourmostloyalcustomersreallyupsetwithyou.Sometimesthatsworthmakingachangeanyway.PerettigivestheexampleofNetflixdiscontinuingitsDVD-mailingservicetofocusonstreaming.“Itwasseenasablunder,”hesaid.Themoveturnedouttobeforesighted.AndifPerettiwereinchargeattheTimes?“Iwouldntpickayeartoendprint,”hesaid.“Iwouldraisepricesandmakeitintomoreofalegacyproduct.”Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproducttheyfavor,theideagoes,andtheydfeelliketheybelievein.“Soifyoureoverpayingforprint,youcouldfeellikeyouwerehelping,”Perettisaid.“Thenincreaseitatahigherrateeachyearandessentiallytryto”Inotherwords,ifyouregoingtomakeaprintproduct,makeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.WhichmaybewhattheTimesisdoingalready.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcostsnearly$500ayearmorethantwiceasmuchasadigital-onlysubscription.“ItsareallyhardthingtodoanditsatremendousluxurythatBuzzFeeddoesnthavealegacybusiness,”Perettiremarked.“Butweregoingtohavequestionslikethatwherewehavethingsweredoingthatdontmakesensewhenthemarketchangesandtheworldchanges.Inthosesituations,itsbettertobemoreaggressivethanlessaggressive.”Therewilleventuallycomeahelpingsustainthequalityofsomethingtheyweregenerateadditionalrevenue.英语（一）试题.9.(共14页）36.TheNewYorkTimesisconsideringendingitsprinteditionpartlyduetoA.thehighcostofoperationB.thepressurefromitsinvestorsC.thecomplaintsfromitsreadersD.theincreasingonlineadsales37.Perettisuggeststhat,infaceofthepresentsituation,theTimesshouldA.seeknewsourcesofreadershipB.endtheprinteditionforgoodC.aimforefficientmanagementD.makestrategicadjustments38.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraphs5and6thata“legacyproduct”A.helpsrestorethegloryofformertimesB.ismeantforthemostloyalcustomersC.willhavethecostofprintingreducedD.expandsthepopularityofthepaper39.Perettibelievesthat,inachangingworld,A.legacybusinessesarebecomingoutdatedB.cautiousnessfacilitatesproblem-solvingC.aggressivenessbettermeetschallengesD.traditionalluxuriescanstayunaffected40.Whichofthefollowi