2015真题.pdf

绝密启用前2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）(科目代码：201)1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。(以下信息考生必须认真填写)考生编号考生姓名SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted31,932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5While1%mayseem6，itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego，says,Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin.vThestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellsomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.10，astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilar1J_it.Therecouldbemanymechanismswereenvironmentsbutthereisworkingtogetherthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13“functionalkinship”ofbeingfriendswith14!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years，withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeoples18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsdrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.morewere英 语（一）试 题1(共1 4页）C.howD.whenB.why1.A.whatC.withdrawnD.advised2.A.defendedB.concludedB.withC.byC.comparedC.samplesC.unreliable3.A.forD.onD.connectedB.soughtB.objectsB.unexpectedB.miss4.A.separated5.A.tests6.A.insignificant7.A.visitD.examplesD.incredibleC.knowD.seekC.favorB.influenceD.resemble8.A.surpass9.A.again10.A.MeanwhileC.insteadD.thusB.alsoC.LikewiseD.PerhapsD.likeB.FurthermoreC.fromB.to11.A.aboutC.confuseD.driveB.observe12.A.limitC.regardlessofC.benefitsD.alongwithB.ratherthan13.A.accordingto14.A.chancesD.missionsB.responsesB.slowerC.laterD.earlier15.A.fasterD.understandB.rememberC.expressC.controllable16.A.forecastD.disruptiveD.endeavor17.A.unpredictableB.contributoryB.decisionB.religiousB.showC.arrangementC.ethnic18.A.tendency19.A.political20.A.seeD.economicD.tellC.proveSectionnReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)英 语（一）试 题.2.(共1 4页）Text1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdontabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchscontinuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistoryandsometimesthewaytheybehavetodayembodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles，nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%，andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.forWhileEuropesmonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.surviveItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchysreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaserviceasnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchysworstenemies.withcome英 语（一）试 题.3.(共1 4页）21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpainA.usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupportB.wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyalsC.easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivalsD.endedhisreigninembarrassment22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostlyA.owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatusB.toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandrealityC.togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookuptoD.duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?A.Aristocratsexcessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.B.Theroleofthenobilityinmodemdemocracies.C.Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.D.Thenobilitysadherencetotheirprivileges.24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharlesA.takesatoughlineonpoliticalissuesB.failstochangehislifestyleasadvisedC.takesrepublicansashispotentialalliesD.failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A.Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombinedB.Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThroneC.Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsD.Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats英语（一）试题.4.(共1 4页）Text2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromparticularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCaliforniasadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscemable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCaliforniaslameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphoneavaststorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilarto,say,goingthroughasuspectspurse.ThecourthasruledthatpolicedontviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringonessmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarresteesreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.CitizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitutionsprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesnteasethechallengeofline-drawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyburdensomeforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedalteredwhilewaitingforawarrant.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCaliforniasargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitutionsprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen；theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.sweepingruling,apocketbookofanororroom英 语（一）试 题.5.(共1 4页）26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimatetoA.preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontentsB.searchforsuspectsmobilephoneswithoutawarrantC.checksuspectsphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorizedD.prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones27.TheauthorsattitudetowardCaliforniasargumentisoneofA.disapprovalB.indifferenceC.toleranceD.cautiousness28.TheauthorbelievesthatexploringonesphonecontentsiscomparabletoA.gettingintoonesresidenceB.handlingoneshistoricalrecordsC.scanningonescorrespondencesD.goingthroughoneswallet29.InParagraphs5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthatA.principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressedB.thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforactionC.citizensprivacyisnoteffectivelyprotectedD.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation30.OrinKerrscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat.A.theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexiblyB.newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitutionC.CaliforniasargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitutionD.principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered英 语（一）试 题.6.(共1 4页）Text3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal，”writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournalsinternaleditors，orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:“ThecreationofthestatisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofSciencesoveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.”GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”HeagreedtojoinbecausehefoundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel，uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”JohnIoannidis，aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis“amostwelcomestepforward”and“longoverdue.”“Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,”hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012，butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline,“engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess.”VauxsaysthatSciencesideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemerit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentifythepapersthatneedscrutinyinthefirstplace.”concern英 语（一）试 题.7.(共1 4页）31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that.A.Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocessB.journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecksC.fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysisD.lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects32.Thephrase“flaggedup”（Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningtoA.foundB.markedC.revisedD.stored33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmayA.poseathreattoallitspeersB.meetwithstrongoppositionC.increaseScience、circulationD.setanexampleforotherjournals34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnowA.addstoresearchersworkloadB.diminishestheroleofreviewersC.hasroomforfurtherimprovementD.istofailintheforeseeablefuture35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersB.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespectC.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsDesksD.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience英语（一）试题.8.(共1 4页）Text4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdochsdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“itsus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.”Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:“Itsincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.ThisabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes一findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamechargethewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intodaysworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganisationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructionsnorreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.same英语（一）试题.9.(共1 4页）36.Accordingtothefi