2011真题.pdf

绝密启用前2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）(科目代码:201)1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超岀答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。(以下信息考生必须认真填写)考生编号考生姓名SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitness.Laughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,3heartrateandoxygenconsumption.Butbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4，agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.6，insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7Studiesdatingbacktothe1930sindicatethatlaughter8muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelppsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividualsemotionalstate,oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbutthattheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso14tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionsflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofWUrzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth一therebycreatinganartificialsmileorwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles_18asexercisedoes,theeffectsof911canenthusiasticallytofunnycartoonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround.20，thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.more英 语（一）试 题1(共1 4页）C.despiteC.indicateD.likeB.exceptB.demand1.A.among2.A.reflectD.produceD.determiningD.observe3.A.stabilizing4.A.transmitB.boostingB.sustainC.impairingC.evaluateC.affordableB.manageableB.InfactD.renewable5.A.measurableC.InadditionD.Inbrief6.A.Inturn7.A.opposite8.A.hardens9.A.aggravate10.A.physical11.A.Exceptfor12.A.withB.impossibleC.averageC.tightensC.moderateD.expectedD.relaxesB.weakensB.generateBmentalD.enhanceC.subconsciousD.internalD.AsforB.AccordingtoC.DuetoC.inB.onD.atC.ifB.untilD.because13.A.unlessB.followsC.precedesC.towards14.A.exhaustsD.suppressesB.fromD.beyondD.hold15.A.into16.A.fetchBbiteC.pickC.joyfulC.turnedD.indifferent17.A.disappointedB.excited18.A.adapted19.A.suggestingB.requiringC.mentioning20.A.EventuallyB.ConsequentlyC.SimilarlyD.reactedBcateredD.supposingD.ConverselySectionnReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)英语（一）试题.2.(共1 4页）Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbertsappointmentintheTimes，callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenaTobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingtovisitAveryFisherHall,goodcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryforanywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.one.meorDevotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Theserecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantodaysliveperformances；“consumed”atatimeandplaceofthelistenerschoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbertsowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.”Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestrasrepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmericasoldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.theycanbemoreover,英语（一）试题.3.(共1 4页）21.WelearnfromParagraph1thatGilbertsappointmenthasA.incurredcriticismBraisedsuspicionC.receivedacclaimD.arousedcuriosity22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhoisA.influentialB.modestC.respectableD.talented23.TheauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoersA.ignoretheexpensesofliveperformancesB.rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformancesC.exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformancesD.overestimatethevalueofliveperformances24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?A.Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.B.Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.C.Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.D.Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.25.RegardingGilbertsroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeelsA.doubtfulBenthusiasticC.confidentD.puzzled英语（一）试题.4.(共1 4页）Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust，hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses，hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.”Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision，”McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtooutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisntalone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizeresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodontgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetterunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveGEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKom/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:“IcantthinkofasinglesearchIvedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaventalwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeago,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabad“Thetraditionalrulewasitssafertostaywhereyouare,butthatsbeenfundamentallyinverted，saysoneheadhunter.“Thepeoplewhovebeenhurttheworstarethosewhovestayedtoolong.”Italsosentaclearmessagetotherun.successionplansinoneisone.英语（一）试题.5.(共14页）26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeing.A.arrogantB.frankC.self-centeredD.impulsive27.AccordingtoParagraph2，seniorexecutivesquittingmaybespurredbyA.theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatusB.theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelifeC.theirstrainedrelationswiththeboardsD.theirpursuitofnewcareergoals28.Theword“poached”（Line3，Paragraph4)mostprobablymeansA.approvedofB.attendedtoC.huntedforD.guardedagainst29.ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatA.topperformersusedtoclingtotheirpostsB.loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-datedC.topperformerscaremoreaboutreputationsD.itssafertosticktothetraditionalrules30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.CEOs:WheretoGo?B.CEOs:AlltheWayUp?C.TopManagersJumpwithoutaNetD.TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformers英 语（一）试 题.6.(共1 4页）Text3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid”mediasuchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisementsstillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earned”mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverage“owned”mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketingsimpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforresponses.Butinsomecases,onemarketersownedmediabecomeanothermarketerspaidmediaforinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome，thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompaniesmarketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediamedia：anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompanysresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.approachtheconsumersnowownuserstheoppositeofearnedarewouldtrytopersuadeotherstoconsumers英 语（一）试 题.7.(共1 4页）31.Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhentheyareA.obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsitesB.inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothemC.eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproductsD.enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts32.AccordingtoParagraph2，soldmediafeatureA.asafebusinessenvironmentB.randomcompetitionC.strongusertrafficD.flexibilityinorganization33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmediaA.inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumersB.canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketingC.mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetitionD.deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem34.ToyotaMotorsexperienceiscitedasanexampleofA.respondingeffectivelytohijackedmediaB.persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproductsC.cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumersD.takingadvantageofhijackedmedia35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?A.Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.B.Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.C.Dominanceofhijackedmedia.D.Popularityofownedmedia.英 语（一）试 题.8.(共1 4页）Text4ItsnosurprisethatJenniferSeniorsinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory，“ILoveMyChildren,IHateMyLife，”isarousingmuchchatternothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbyshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensemoment-to-momentjoy,condition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”weThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.TherearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptiveandnewlysinglemomSandraBullock,aswellastheusual“JenniferAnistonispregnant”featuresatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesntseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildless.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldnthavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentslesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon；yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.ItshardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butitsinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodarentinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel”mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.Practicallyeveryweeknews.aredissatisfactionswiththeactualourown英 语（一）试 题.9.(共1 4页）36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbringA.temporarydelightB.enjoymentinprogressC.happinessinretrospectD.lastingreward37.WelearnfromParagraph2that.A.celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossipB.singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattentionC.newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertainingD.havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic38.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolksA.areconstantlyexposedtocriticismB.arelargelyignoredbythemediaC.failtofulfilltheirsocialres