2010真题.pdf

2010(201)1.2.“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。(以下信息考生必须认真填写)考生编号考生姓名SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924AmericasNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowshop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Instead,thestudiesended“Hawthorneeffect”，theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjectsbehavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment；7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkersbehavior10itself.Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricanalysis.TheHawthorneexperimentshadanothersurpriseinstore.12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatthepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationsofwhathappened.15，lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18，acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondays.Workers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown.givingtheirnametothe2英 语（一）试 题.1(共1 4页）1.A.affectedB.achievedC.extractedD.restoredB.upBsightB.perplexingB.explanationsB.matterC.withD.off2.A.atC.actD.proof3.A.truth4.A.controversialC.mischievousD.ambiguousD.assessments5.A.requirements6.A.concludeC.accountsC.indicateD.work7.A.asfarasB.forfearthatC.incasethatD.solongasD.illusionB.expectationC.sentiment8.A.awareness9.A.suitableB.C.enoughC.onD.abundantexcessiveB.for10.A.aboutD.byC.subjectedB.ConsistentwithC.Parallelwith11.A.compared12.A.Contraryto13.A.evidenceB.shownD.conveyedD.PeculiartoB.guidanceB.enlighteningB.ForexampleB.accidentallyB.ceasedC.implicationC.reliableD.source14.A.disputableD.misleadingC.InconsequenceD.AsusualC.unpredictablyD.suddenly15.A.Incontrast16.A.duly17.A.failedD.continuedC.started18.A.ThereforeD.MeanwhileB.FurthermoreC.HoweverB.tendedC.choseD.intended19.A.attempted20.A.breakingB.climbingC.surpassingD.hittingSectionnReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)英 语（一）试 题.2.(共1 4页）Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperpublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism，”Newmanwrote，“thatIamtemptedtodefine4journalismasatermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.”Unfortunately,thesecriticswrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,ihislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEnglandsforemostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967，thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardusscriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.reviewsvirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whoareknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringisnowseems英语（一）试题.3.(共1 4页）21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that.A.artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapersB.English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviewsC.high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreadersD.youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedbyA.freethemesB.casualstyleC.elaboratelayoutD.radicalviewpoints23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?A.Itiswritersdutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.B.Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.C.Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.D.Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?A.Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.B.Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.C.Hisstylecaterslargelytomodemspecialists.D.Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.NewspapersoftheGoodOldDaysB.TheLostHorizoninNewspapersC.MournfulDeclineofJournalismD.ProminentCriticsinMemory英语（一）试题.4.(共1 4页）Text2Overthepastdecade，thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazon,comreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenationstoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal，”saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.Ithasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face，becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourtsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsStateStreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuitsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt,”saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.英语（一）试题.5.(共1 4页）26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseofA.theirlimitedvaluetobusinessesB.theirconnectionwithassetallocationC.thepossiblerestrictionontheirgrantingD.thecontroversyovertheirauthorization27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?A.Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.B.Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction.C.IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit.D.ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.28.Theword“about-face”（Line1，Para.3)mostprobablyA.lossofgoodwillofhostilityC.changeofattitudeD.enhancementofdignitymeansB參iincrease29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatentsA.areimmunetolegalchallengesB.areoftenunnecessarilyissuedC.lowertheesteemforpatentholdersD.increasetheincidenceofrisks30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?A.Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents.B.Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.C.Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.D.Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents.英 语（一）试 题.6.(共1 4页）Text3InhisbookTheTippingPoint，MalcolmGladwellarguesthat“socialepidemics”aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwellconnected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesntexplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“two-stepflowofcommunication：Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsopopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatpromoting,Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydontseemtoberequiredatall.Theresearchersargumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfreywhoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influenceeventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydontinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon；andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,thecascadeofchangewontpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthisbasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeoplesabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Theyfoundthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatiscalled“globalcascades”一thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworksisthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.toexplainthesuddenandunexpectedseemssmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,developingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.someor英 语（一）试 题.7.(共1 4页）31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint，theauthorintendstoA.analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemicsB.discussinfluentialsfunctioninspreadingideasC.exemplifypeoplesintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemicsD.describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”A.servesasasolutiontomarketingproblemsB.hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrendsC.haswonsupportfrominfluentialsD.requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity33.WhattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthatA.thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractionsB.interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemediaC.influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublicD.mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inParagraph4referstotheoneswhoA.stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluenceB.havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluenceC.areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothersD.areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential35.Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?A.Theeagernesstobeaccepted.B.Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers.C.Thereadinesstobeinfluenced.D.Theinclinationtorelyonothers.英 语（一）试 题.8.(共1 4页）Text4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,losses,anditsjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay，notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunately,bankslobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable，buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.thebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportmoanenormousAfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,AmericasFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksfreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatements.BobHerz,theFASBschairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives.Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealworld”andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbankssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.Americasnewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunless banksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoremoreconcessions.英 语（一）试 题.9.(共1 4页）36.BankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedtoA.follo