2009年考研英语真题（可复制、可搜索）.pdf

绝密启用前2 0 0 9 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英 语（一）（科目代码：2 0 1）考生注意事项众1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)fbr each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humansare.the firuit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times,Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorterlives.This suggests that 3 bulbs bum longer,that there is a(n)4 in not beingtoo bright.Intelligence,it 5,is a high-priced option.It takes more upkeep,bums morefuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning-a(n)7process-instead of instinct.Plenty of other species are able to leam,and one of thethings theyve apparently learned is when to 8Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence?Thats the question behind thisnew research.Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species weve left inthe dust LQ.-wise,it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence mightbe.This is 12 the mind of every animal we5ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animalswould 13 on humans if they had the chance.Every cat with an owner,14,isrunning a small-scale study in operant conditioning.We believe that 15 animals ranthe labs,they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience,our faithfulness,ourmemory fbr locations.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really17,not merely how much of it there is.18,they would hope to study a(n)19 question:Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20 theresults are inconclusive.2009年 英 语（一）试 题 第 1 页 共 14页1.A SupposeB ConsiderC ObserveD Imagine2.A tendedB fearedC happenedD threatened3.A thinnerB stablerC lighterD dimmer4.A tendencyB advantageC inclinationD priority5.A insists onB sums upC turns outD puts forward6.A offB behindC overD along7.A incredibleB spontaneousC inevitableD gradual8.A fightB doubtC stopD think9.A invisibleB limitedC indefiniteD different10.A upwardB forwardC afterwardD backward11.A featuresB influencesC resultsD costs12.A outsideB onCbyD across13.A deliverB carryC performDapply14.A by chanceB in contrastC as usualD for instance15.A ifB unlessC asD lest16.A moderateB overcomeC determineD reach17.A atB forC afterD with18.A Above allB After allC HoweverD Otherwise19.A fimdamental B comprehensive C equivalentD hostile20.A By accidentB In timeC So farD Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B?C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)2009年 英 语（一）试 题 第 2 页 共 14页Text 1Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains onauto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.Not choice,but habit rules the unreflecting herd,William Wordsworth said in the 19th century.Inthe ever-changing 21st century,even the word“habit“carries a negative implication.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity andinnovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously developnew habits,we create parallel paths,and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump ourtrains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit,we can insteaddirect our own change by consciously developing new habits.In fact,the more newthings we try 一 the more we step outside our comfort zone 一 the more inherentlycreative we become,both in the workplace and in our personal lives.But dont bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worninto the brain,they5re there to stay.Instead,the new habits we deliberately press intoourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder J says DawnaMarkova,author of The Open Mind.cc But we are taught instead to decide9 5 just asour president calls himself the Decider 55 She adds,however,that“to decide is to killoff all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the manyother possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware,she says.Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are bom with the capacity toapproach challenges in four primary ways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)and innovatively.At the end of adolescence,however,the brain shutsdown half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thought that have seemedmost valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes ofthought.This breaks the major rule in the American belief system一that anyone can doanything/9 explains M.J.Ryan,author of the 2006 book This Year I Will.and Ms.Markova5s business partner.Thats a lie that we have perpetuated,and it fosterscommonness.Knowing what you5re good at and doing even more of it createsexcellence.This is where developing new habits comes in.2009年 英 语（一）试 题 第 3 页 共 14页21.In Wordsworth view,“habits is characterized by beingA casual.B familiar.C mechanical.D changeable.22.Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can beA predicted.B regulated.C traced.D guided.23.The word ruts”(Linel,Para.4)is closest in meaning toA tracks.B series.C characteristics.D connections.24.Dawna Markova would most probably agree thatA ideas are bom of a relaxing mind.B innovativeness could be taught.C decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.D curiosity activates creative minds.25.Ryans comments suggest that the practice of standardized testingA prevents new habits from being formed.B no longer emphasizes commonness.EC maintains the inherent American thinking mode.D complies with the American belief system.2009年 英 语（一）试 题 第 4 页 共 14页Text 2It is a wise fether that knows his own child,but today a man can boost his paternal(fatherly)wisdom一or at least confirm that hes the kid5s dad.All he needs to do is shellout$30 for a paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstore一and another$120 to getthe results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first becameavailable without prescriptions last year,according to Doug Fogg,chief operating officerof Identigene,which makes the over-the-counter kits.More than two dozen companiessell DNA tests directly to the public,ranging in price from a few hundred dollars tomore than$2,500.Among the most popular:paternity and kinship testing,which adopted children canuse to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up fbradoption.DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists 一 andsupports businesses that offer to search fbr a family geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending itto the company fbr testing.All tests require a potential candidate with whom tocompare DNA.But some observers are skeptical.cc There5 s a kind of false precision being hawkedby people claiming they are doing ancestry testing/9 says Troy Duster,a New YorkUniversity sociologist.He notes that each individual has many ancestors一numbering inthe hundreds just a few centuries back.Yet most ancestry testing only considers a singlelineage,either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father5 s line ormitochondrial DNA,which is passed down only from mothers.This DNA can revealgenetic infbnnation about only one or two ancestors,even though,for example,justthree generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or,four generationsback,14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the referencecollections to which a sample is compared.Databases used by some companies dontrely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from differentresearch projects.This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from someregions and not others,so a persons test results may differ depending on the companythat processes the results.In addition,the computer programs a company uses to estimaterelationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.2009年 英 语（一）试 题 第 5 页 共 14页26.In Paragraphs 1 and 2,the text shows PTKsA easy availability.B flexibility in pricing.C successful promotion.D popularity with households.27.PTK is used toA locate one飞 birth place.B promote genetic research.C identify parent-child kinship.D choose children for adoption.28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails toA trace distant ancestors.B rebuild reliable bloodlines.C folly use genetic information.D achieve the claimed accuracy.29.In the last paragraph,a problem commercial genetic testing faces isA disorganized data collection.B overlapping database building.C excessive sample comparison.D lack of patent evaluation.30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to beA Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing.B DNA Testing and Its Problems.EC DNA Testing Outside the Lab.D Lies Behind DNA Testing.2009年 英 语（一）试 题 第 6 页 共 14页Text 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countriesis widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike.Progress in both areas isundoubtedly necessary for the social,political,and intellectual development of these andall other societies;however,the conventional view that education should be one of thevery highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries iswrong.We are fortunate that it is,because building new educational systems there andputting enough people through them to improve economic performance would requiretwo or three generations.The findings of a research institution have consistently shownthat workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higherproductivity and,as a result,radically higher standards of living.Ironically,the first evidence fbr this idea appeared in the United States.Not longago,with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak,the U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of thepoor U.S.economic performance.Japan was,and remains,the global leader inautomotive-assembly productivity.Yet the research revealed that the U.S.factories ofHonda,Nissan,and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of theirJapanese counterparts一a result of the training that U.S.workers received on the job.More recently,while examining housing construction,the researchers discoveredthat illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston,Texas,consistentlymet best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the buildingindustrys work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development?Wehave to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of educationeven when governments dont force it.After all,thafs how education got started.Whenour ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago,they didnt have time towonder much about anything besides finding food.Only when humanity began to get itsfood in a more productive way was there time fbr other things.As education improved,humanitys productivity potential increased as well.Whenthe competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential,they couldin turn afford more education.This increasingly high level of education is probably anecessary,but not a sufficient,condition fbr the complex political systems required byadvanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might not be able to escape theirpoverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formaleducation.A lack of formal education,however,doesnt constrain the ability of thedeveloping worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeablefiiture.On the contrary,constraints on improving productivity explain why educationisnt developing more quickly there than it is.2009年 英 语（一）试 题 第 7 页 共 14页31.The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countriesA is subject to groundless doubts.B has fallen victim of bias.C is conventionally downgraded.D has been overestimated.32.It is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new educational systemA challenges economists and politicians.B takes efforts of generations.C demands priority from the government.D requires sufficient labor force.33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S.workforces is thatA the Japanese workforce is better disciplined.B the Japanese workforce is more productive.C the U.S.workforce has a better education.D the U.S.workforce is more organized.34.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emergedA when people had enough time.B prior to better ways of finding food.C when people no longer went hungry.D as a result of pressure on government.35.According to the last paragraph,development of educationA results directly from competitive environments.B does not depend on economic performance.EC follows improved productivity.D caimot afford political changes.2009年 英 语（一）试 题 第 8 页 共 14页Text 4The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are theministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.According to thestandard history of American philosophy,nowhere else in colonial America was somuch importance attached to intellectual pursuits.According to many books andarticles,New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of anunfolding,dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with thePuritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church一importantsubjects that we may not neglect.But in keeping with our examination of southernintellectual life,we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture,adjusting to New World circumstances.The New England colonies were the scenes ofimportant episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education andinfluence in England.Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came toMassachusetts churches in the decade after 1629,there were political leaders like JohnWinthrop,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the Crown before he journeyedto Boston.These men wrote and publishe