1986—1995年历年考研英语真题集 (1).pdf

微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台1 11995 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section Use of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep,characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming,and longer periods of non-REM sleep.1kind of sleep is at all well-understood,but REM sleep is2toserve some restorative function of the brain.The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more3.The newexperiments,such as these4for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research inMinneapolis,suggest fascinating explanations5of non-REM sleep.For example,it has long been known that total sleep 6is 100 percent fatal to rats,yet,7 _examinations ofthe dead bodies,the animals look completely normal.A researcher has now8the mystery of why the animals die.The rats9bacterial infections of the blood,10their immunesystemsthe self-protecting mechanisrn against diseasehad crashed.1.A EitherB NeitherC EachDAny2.A intendedB requiredC assumedD inferred3.A subtleB obviousC mysteriousD doubtful4.A maintainedB describedC settledD afforded5.A in the lightB by virtueC with the exceptionD for the purpose6.A reductionB destructionC deprivationD restriction7.A uponB byC throughD with8.A paid attention toB caught sight of C laid emphasis onD cast light on9.A developB produceC stimulateD induce10.A ifB as ifC only ifD if onlySection Reading ComprehensionPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapiddistribution of goods at reasonable price,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible toprovide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standardsof living.By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor,and is therefore an effective way tofight unemployment.It lowers the costs of many services:without advertisements your daily newspaper would costfour times as much,the price of your television licence would need to be doubled,and travel by bus or tube wouldcost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all,advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products andservices you buy.Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising,noregular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might foolsome people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long,for mercifully the publichas the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised,it isthe surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it,and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television personality微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台2 2declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively finedistinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to informationand that in itself would be difficult if not impossible toachieve,for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasiveadvertising would be soboring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that_.A he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertisingB everybody knows well that advertising is money consumingC advertising costs money like everything elseD it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12.In the passage,which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?A Securing greater fame.B Providing more jobs.C Enhancing living standards.D Reducing newspaper cost.13.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.A very precise in passing his judgment on advertisingB interested in nothing but the buyers attentionC correct in telling the difference between persuasion and informationD obviously partial in his views on advertising14.In the authors opinion,_.A advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing informationB advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them overC there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyerD the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth:one as a product,the other as a process.People have generally viewedpersonal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured.The worker who gets apromotion,the student whose grades improve,the foreigner who learns a new languageall these are examples ofpeople who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast,the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine,since by definition it is ajourney and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itself,but rather theattitudes and feelings people have,their caution or courage,as they encounter new experiences and unexpectedobstacles.In this process,the journey never really ends;there are always new ways to experience the world,newideas to try,new challenges to accept.In order to grow,to travel new roads,people need to have a willingness to take risks,to confront the unknown,and to accept the possibility that they may“fail”at first.How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being isessential to our ability to grow.Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious?If so,then we tend to take morechances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences.Do we think were shy and indecisive?Then our sense oftimidity can cause us to hesitate,to move slowly,and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe.Do wethink were slow to adapt to change or that were not smart enough to cope with a new challenge?Then we arelikely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow.If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts,if we protect ourselves too much,then we微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台3 3cease to grow.We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.15.Aperson is generally believed to achieve personal growth when_.A he has given up his smoking habitB he has made great efforts in his workC he is keen on learning anything newD he has tried to determine where he is on his journey16.In the authors eyes,one who views personal growth as a process would_.A succeed in climbing up the social ladderB judge his ability to grow from his own achievementsC face difficulties and take up challengesD aim high and reach his goal each time17.When the author says a new way of being(line 3,Para.3)he is referring to_.A a new approach to experiencing the worldB a new way of taking risksC a new method of perceiving ourselvesD a new system of adaptation to change18.For personal growth,the author advocates all of the following except_.A curiosity about more chancesB promptness in self-adaptationC open-mindedness to new experiencesD avoidance of internal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing,complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated.Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members,friends or colleagues are beyond thecapability of the extended family to resolve.Where to turn for expert information and how to determine whichexpert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this,there is the growing mobility of people since World War.As families move away fromtheir stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow ofinformation is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will betrustworthy and reliable.The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can becut off.Thus,things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family mustbe consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information.The individual now has moreinformation available than any generation,and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his orher specific problem is complicated,time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storageand delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files,and to programcomputers to locate specific information.Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages viatelevision,radio,and very shortly,electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages.Satellites haveextended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence.Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing,and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台4 4and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and thestorage and delivery of information,thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity,the need for information is of greatest importance.Those people whohave accurate,reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of theirbusiness,social and family life,will survive and succeed.“Knowledge is power”may well be the truest saying andaccess to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.19.The word it(line 3,Para.2)most probably refers to_.A the lack of stable communitiesB the breakdown of informal information channelsC the increased mobility of familiesD the growing number of people moving from place to place20.The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that_.A they have to learn new things consciouslyB they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy informationC they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readilyD they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.21.From the passage we can infer that_.A electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messagesB it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information eraC people will spend less time holding meetings or conferencesD events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites22.We can learn from the last paragraph that _.A it is necessary to obtain as muchB people should make the best use of the informationC we should realize the importance of accumulating information.D it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.But theenvironment must also have a profound effect,since if competition is important to the parents;it is likely tobecome a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school,which is,by its very nature,a highly competitiveinstitution.Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure their success by sportingachievements.The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clockproduces a two-layer system,in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences:remember that Pheidippides,the first marathon runner,dropped dead seconds after saying:“Rejoice,we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations.It is a rareschool that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well.The merits of competition by examination aresomewhat questionable,but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously,it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs.The world needs types,and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs personality to his possible future employment.It is topmanagement.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台5 5If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened,more time might be spent teaching childrensurer values.Perhaps selection for the caring professions,especially medicine,could be made less by good gradesin chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.It is surely a mistake to choose ourdoctors exclusively fromAtype stock.Bs are important and should be encouraged.23.According to the passage,A-type individuals are usually_.A impatientB considerateC aggressiveD agreeable24.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because_.A the pressure is too great on the studentsB some students are bound to failC failure rates are too highD the results of exanimations are doubtful25.The selection of medical professionals are currently based on_.A candidatessensitivityB academic achievementsC competitive spiritD surer values26.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that_.A the personality of a child is well established at birthB family influence dominates the shaping of one s characteristics.C the development of one s personality is due to multiple factorsD B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkableactivity called remembering.Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constantpractice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano,to recitation of a poem,andeven to reading and understanding these words.So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory,rememberingbeing a primary requirement for reasoning.The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problemexists depends on memory.Typically,the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlierexperiences.Practice(or review)tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material.Over a periodof no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten;and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.Yet,dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive.In this sense,the ability to forget can beinterpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Indeed,when ones memory of anemotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety,forgetting may produce relief.Nevertheless,anevolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgettingsurviv