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微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台1 12008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D onANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of thosehypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is大 1 家to say it anyway.He isthat大 2 家bird,a scientist who works independently大 3 家any institution.He helpedpopularize the idea that some diseases not大 4 家thought to have a bacterial cause were actuallyinfections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.大 5 家he,however,might tremble at the大 6 家of what he is about to do.Together withanother two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only大 7 家that one group of humanityis more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in大 8 家are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,大 9 家12-15 points above the大 10 家value of100,and have contributed大 11 家to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,as the大 12 家of their elites,including several world-renowned scientists,大 13 家.They also suffermore often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breast cancer.Thesefacts,大 14 家,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been大 15 家to socialeffects,such as a strong tradition of大 16 家education.The latter was seen as a(an)大 17 家of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately大 18 家.His argument is that the unusual history of these people has大 19 家them to unique evolutionarypressures that have resulted in this大 20 家state of affairs.1.A selectedB preparedC obligedD pleased微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台2 22.A uniqueB particularC specialD rare3.A ofB withC inD against4.A subsequentlyB presentlyC previouslyD lately5.A OnlyB SoC EvenD Hence6.A thoughtB sightC costD risk7.A advisesB suggestsC protestsD objects8.A progressB factC needD question9.A attainingB scoringC reachingD calculating10.A normalB commonC meanD total11.A unconsciouslyB disproportionatelyC indefinitelyD unaccountably12.A missionsB fortunesC interestsD careers13.A affirmB witnessC observeD approve14.A moreoverB thereforeC howeverD meanwhile15.A given upB got overC carried onD put down16.A assessingB supervisingC administeringD valuing17.A developmentB originC consequenceD instrument18.A linkedB integratedC wovenD combined19.A limitedB subjectedC convertedD directed20.A paradoxicalB incompatibleC inevitableD continuousSection IIReading ComprehensionPartADirections:微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台3 3Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life,women appear to be way aheadin at least one undesirable category.“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depressionand anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatrist at New Yorks VeteransAdministration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stressresponse,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males underthe same conditions.In several of the studies,when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(thefemale reproductive organs)removed,their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased“opportunities”forstress.“Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well.Its just that they have so much more tocope with,”says Dr.Yehuda.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,”she observes,“its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn outfrom it more visibly and sooner.”Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.“I think that the kinds of things thatwomen are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and areexposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds ofinterpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by,unfortunately,parents or other family members,and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The wear-and-tear thatcomes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son,but was determined to finish college.“Istruggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape,to go to school,and get ahead and do better.”Later,her marriage ended and she became a singlemother.“Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment,and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But mostwomen today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few breaks,and feeling the strain.Alvarezsexperience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens yourhealth and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?A Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.C Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehudas research suggests that womenA need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台4 4B have limited capacity for tolerating stress.C are more capable of avoiding stress.D are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4,the stress women confront tends to beA domestic and temporary.B irregular and violent.C durable and frequent.D trivial and random.24.The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6,Para.5)shows thatAAlvarez cared about nothing but making money.BAlvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.CAlvarez got paychecks from different jobs.DAlvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Strain of Stress:No Way Out?B Responses to Stress:Gender DifferenceC Stress Analysis:What Chemicals SayD Gender Inequality:Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory wouldsubmit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authorsnames and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on thecomments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright restedwith the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribeto the journal.No longer.The Internet and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning whycommercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access toit is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.Thereport,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes furtherthan that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part,upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishingmarket is estimated at between$7 billion and$11 billion.The International Association of Scientific,微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台5 5Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwidespecializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some 75%of scholarly journals are nowonline.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the reportsauthors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collectionof online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typicallysupported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,thereare open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratoriessupport institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayedopen-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,beforemaking it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional formof the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph,the author discussesA the background information of journal editing.B the publication routine of laboratory reports.C the relations of authors with journal publishers.D the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A It criticizes government-funded research.B It introduces an effective means of publication.C It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text,online publication is significant in thatA it provides an easier access to scientific results.B it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model,the author of a paper is required toA cover the cost of its publication.B subscribe to the journal publishing it.C allow other online journals to use it freely.D complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台6 6A The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.BAnew mode of publication is emerging.CAuthors welcome the new channel for publication.D Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National BasketballAssociation(NBA)listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season,however,he would havebeen one of 42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over theyears,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbersof bigger,longer frames.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans havegenerally stopped growing.Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago,todayspeople especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generations apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they arent likely to get any taller.“In thegeneral population today,at this genetic,environmental level,weve pretty much gone as far as wecan go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.In the case ofNBA players,their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice ofrecruiting players from all over the world.Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of 20,demands calories and nutrients notably,protein to feed expanding tissues.At the start of the 20th century,under-nutrition and childhoodinfections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,children and adolescents have,on average,increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years,a pattern known as the secular trendin height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,average height 59 formen,54 for women hasnt really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth,larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.Moreover,even though humanshave been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal postureand cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some realconstraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologistWilliam Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change,but dont expect this to happen soon.Claire C.Gordon,senioranthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that 90 percent of the uniformsand workstations fit recruits without alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the lengthof military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need to predict human height in thenear future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large,“you could use todaysdata and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example toA illustrate the change of height of NBA players.B show the popularity of NBAplayers in the U.S.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台7 7C compare different generations of NBA players.D assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?A Genetic modification.B Natural environment.C Living standards.D Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?A Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.B Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.CAmericans are the tallest on average in the world.D Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near futureA the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.B the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.C genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.D the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us thatA the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.B human height is becoming even more predictable.CAmericans have reached their genetic growth limit.D the genetic pattern ofAmericans has altered.Text 4In 1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52,was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw having extractedthem from the mouths of his slaves.Thats a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember fromtheir history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played inthe lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence madeavailable in 1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one childwith his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history fromthe bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nations earlyleaders and the fragile natu