2005—2016年历年考研英语真题集 (1).pdf

微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台1 12016 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on theANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involvenot only his parents and his friends,those of the young women,but also a matchmaker.A youngman can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations.or the young mans parents may make the choice of a spouse,giving the child little to say inthe selection.4,a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.5 a spouse has been selected,each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted three days 7bythe 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and8 prayers of blessing.Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,9cotton threads soakedin holy water around the brides and grooms wrists,and 10 a candle around a circle of happilymarried and respected couples to bless the 11.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wifesparents and may 12 with them up to a year,13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14,but not common.Divorced persons are 15 with somedisapproval.Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage,and jointly acquired propertyis 18 equally.Divorced persons may remarry,but a gender prejudice 19 up.The divorced maledoesnt have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1.A by way ofB as well asC on behalf ofD with regard to2.A adapt toB provide forCcompete withD decide on3.A closeB renewCarrangeD postpone4.A In theoryB Above allC In timeD For example5.A AlthoughB LestC AfterD Unless6.A intoB withinC fromD through7.A sineB orC butD so8.A testBcopyCreciteD create9.A foldingB pilingC wrappingD tying10.A lightingB passingC hidingD serving11.A meetingB associationC collectionDunion12.A growB partC dealDlive微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台2 213.A whereasB untilC forD if14.A obtainB followC challenge Davoid15.A isolatedB persuadedC viewedD exposed16.AwhereverB howeverC wheneverDwhatever17.A changedB broughtC shapedD pushed18.A dividedB investedC donatedD withdrawn19.AclearsB warmsC showsD breaks20.AwhileB so whatConceD in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion,has decided its fashion industry has lost anabsolute right to define physical beauty for woman.Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law thatwould make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websitesthat”incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives.They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks thatend up with impinging on health.Thats a start.And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protectingmodels from starring themselves to health as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it move takeresponsibility for the signal it sends women,especially teenage girls,about the social tape measure they mustuse to determine their individual worth.The bans,if fully enforced,would suggest to woman(and many men)that they should not let others beorbiters of their beauty.And perhaps faintly,they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like characterand intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台3 3The French measures,however,rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regardsbeauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing.Under the law,using a fashion model that does not meet agovernment-defined index of body mess could result in a$85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized bodytypes.In Denmark,the United States,and a few other countries,it is trying to set voluntary standard for models andfashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to Frances actions,Denmarks fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age,health,and other characteristics ofmodels.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states,we are aware of and take responsibility forthe impact the fashion industry has on body ideals,especially on young people.The charters main toll ofenforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen.Fashion week,which is men bythe Danish Fashion Institute.But in general it relies on a name-and shame method of compliance.Relyingon ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step.Even better wouldbe to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21.According to the first paragraph,what would happen in France?A Physical beauty would be redefinedB New runways would be constructedC Websites about dieting would thriveD The fashion industry would decline22.The phrase“impinging on”(Line2 Para2)is closest in meaning toA heightening the value ofB indicating the state ofC losing faith inD doing harm to23.Which of the following is true of the fashion industryA The French measures have already failedB New standards are being set in DenmarkC Models are no longer under peer pressureD Its inherent problems are getting worse24.A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW forA setting perfect physical conditions微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台4 4B caring too much about models characterC showing little concern for health factorsD pursuing a high age threshold for models25.Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?A A challenge to the Fashion Industrys Body IdealsB A Dilemma for the starving models in FranceC Just Another Round of struggle for beautyD The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country.In Britain this has had a curiousresult.While polls show Britons rate“the countryside”alongside the royal family.Shakespeare and the NationalHealth Service(NHS)as what make them proudest of their country,this has limited political support.Acentury ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save“the beauty of naturalplaces for everyone forever”.It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they couldexperience“a refreshing air”.Hill s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts.They dont make countryside any more,and every year concrete consumes more of it.It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservativesplanning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing“offplan”building where local people might object.The concept of sustainabledevelopment has been defined as profitable.Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councilsoppose development.The Liberal Democrats are silent only usensing its chance,has sides with those pleadingfor a more considered approach to using green land.Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into manylocal conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns whereinfrastructure is in place.The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of millionhouses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts.What is true of London is even truer of theprovinces.The idea that“housing crisis”equals“concreted meadows”is pure lobby talk.The issue is not theneed for more houses but,as always,where to put them under lobby pressure,George Osborne favours ruralnew-build against urban renovation and renewal.He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets.This is微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台5 5not a free market but a biased one.Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow.They do so bestwhere building sticks to their edges and respects their character.We do not ruin urban conservation areas.Why ruinrural ones?Development should be planned,not let trip,After the Netherlands,Britain is Europes most crowed country.Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence,while stillpermitting low-density urban living.There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southernPortugal,Spain or Ireland.Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the politicalspectrum.26.Britains public sentiment about the countrysideA is not well reflected in politicsB is fully backed by the royal familyC didnt start fill the Shakespearean ageD has brought much benefit to the NHS27.According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now beingA largely overshadowedB properly protectedC effectively reinforcedD gradually destroyed28.Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3A Labour is under attack for opposing developmentB The Conservatives may abandon“off-plan”buildingC Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservationD The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29.The author holds that George Osborness preferenceA shows his disregard for the character of rural areaB stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisisC highlights his firm stand against lobby pressureD reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30.In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation ofA the size of population in Britain微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台6 6B the enviable urban lifestyle in BritainC the town-and-country planning in BritainD the political life in todays BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business”wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel Prize-winningeconomist“That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if youaccept Friedmans premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR)policies as a waste of shareholderssmoney,things may not be absolutely clear-act.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value forcompanies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than$15 billion a year on CSR,according to anestimate by EPG,a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First,consumers maytake CSR spending as a“signal”that a company s products are of high quality.Second,customers may be willingto buy a companys products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps.And third,through a morediffuse“halo effect”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected byall three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under Americans ForeignCorrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a companys products as part oftheir investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecutedfirms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysisruled out the possibility that it was firms political influence,rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for theleniency:Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all,the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits,they doseem to be influenced by a companys record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantiallabour-rights concern,such as child labour,or increasing corporate giving by about20%result in fines thatgenerally are 40%lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.”says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend onCSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect,rather than the other possible benefits,when they companies get into trouble with the law,evidence of good character can win them a less costlypunishment.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台7 731.The author views Milton Friedmans statement about CSR withAuncertaintyBskepticismCapprovalDtolerance32.According to Paragraph 2,CSR helps a company byAguarding it against malpracticesBprotecting it from consumersCwinning trust from consumers.Draising the quality of its products33.The expression“more lenient”(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning toAless controversialBmore lastingCmore effectiveDless severe34.When prosecutors evaluate a case,a companys CSR recordAcomes across as reliable evidenceBhas an impact on their decisionCincreases the chance of being penalizedDconstitutes part of the investigation35.Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?A The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknownB Companies financial capacity for it has been overestimatedC Its negative effects on businesses are often overlookedDIt has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint.Exactlywhen that day will be is a matter of debate.”Sometime in the future,”the papers publisher said back in 2010.微信公众号考研路上的幸福哥，考研干货最多的公众平台8 8Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside,theres plenty of incentive to ditch print.Theinfrastructure required to make a physical newspaper printing presses,delivery trucks isn t just expensive;it s excessive at a time when online only competitors don t have the same set of financial constraints.Readersare migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower,but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn t waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing itthe right way.“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if youdiscontinue it,you re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that s worthmaking a change anyway.Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus onstreaming.“It was seen as blunder,”he said.The move turned out to be foresighted.And if Peretti were in chargeat the Times?”I wouldnt pick a year to end print,”he said“I would raise prices and ma