2005—2016年历年考研英语真题集.pdf

2016 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题（一）年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET(10 points)In Cambodia，the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male It may involve not only his parentsand his friends，those of the young women，but also a matchmaker A young man can 2 a likely spouse on hisown and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations，or the young mans parents may make the choice of aspouse，giving the child little to say in the selection 4，a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen 5a spouse has been selected，each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6a good familyThe traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair Formerly it lasted three days，7by the 1980s it morecommonly lasted a day and a half Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing Parts of theceremony involve ritual hair cutting，9cotton threads soaked in holy water around the brides and groomswrists，and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 Newlywedstraditionally move in with the wifes parents and may 12 with them up to a year，13 they can build a flew housenearbyDivorce is legal and easy to 14，but not common Divorced persons are 15 with somedisapproval Eachspouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage，and jointly acquired property is 18 equally Divorcedpersons may remarry，but a gender prejudice 19 up The divorced male doesnt have a waiting period before he canremarry 20 the woman must wait the months1 A by way ofB as well asC on behalf ofD with regard to2 A adapt toB provide forCcompete with D decide on3 A closeB renewCarrangeD postpone4 A In theoryBAbove allC In timeD For example5 A AlthoughB LestCAfterD Unless6 A intoB withinC fromD through7 A sineB orC butD so8 A testBcopyCreciteD create9 A foldingB pilingC wrappingD tying10 A lightingB passingC hidingD serving11 A meetingB associationC collectionDunion12 A growB partC dealDlive13 A whereasB untilC forD if14 A obtainB followC challenge Davoid15 A isolatedB persuadedC viewedD exposed16 AwhereverB howeverC wheneverDwhatever17 A changedB broughtC shapedD pushed18 A dividedB investedC donatedD withdrawn19 AclearsB warmsC showsD breaks20 AwhileB so whatConceD in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read the following four textsAnswer the questions below each text by choosing A，B，C or D Markyour answers on the ANSWER SHEET(40 points)Text 1France，which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion，has decided its fashion industry has lost anabsolute right to define physical beauty for woman Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law thatwould make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runwaysThe parliament also agreed to ban websitesthat“incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dietingSuch measures have a couple of uplifting motivesThey suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that endup impinging on health Thats a start And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting modelsfrom starving themselves to death as some have doneIt tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility forthe signal it sends women，especially teenage girls，about the social tape measure they must use to determine theirindividual worthThe bans，if fully enforced，would suggest to woman(and many men)that they should not let others bearbiters of their beauty And perhaps faintly，they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like characterand intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques The French measures，however，rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regardsbeauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing Under the law，using a fashion model that does not meet agovernment-defined index of body mass could result in a$85，000 fine and six months in prisonThe fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized bodytypesIn Denmark，the United States，and a few other countries，it is trying to set voluntary standard for modelsand fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcementIn contrast to Frances actions，Denmarks fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regardingthe age，health，and other characteristics of models The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearlystates：“We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals，especially onyoung people”The charters main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies toCopenhagen Fashion Week，which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute But in general it relies on a name-andshame method of complianceRelying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step Evenbetter would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry21 According to the first paragraph，what would happen in France?A Physical beauty would be redefinedB New runways would be constructedC Websites about dieting would thriveD The fashion industry would decline22 The phrase“impinging on”(Line2 Para2)is closest in meaning toA heightening the value ofB indicating the state ofC losing faith inD doing harm to23 Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?A The French measures have already failedB New standards are being set in DenmarkC Models are no longer under peer pressureD Its inherent problems are getting worse24 A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW forA setting a high age threshold for modelsB caring too much about models characterC showing little concern for health factorsD pursuing perfect physical conditions25 Which of the following may be the best title of the text?A A Challenge to the Fashion Industrys Body IdealsB A Dilemma for the Starving Models in FranceC Just Another Round of Struggle for BeautyD The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country In Britain this has had a curiousresult While polls show Britons rate“the countryside”alongside the royal family Shakespeare and the NationalHealth Service(NHS)as what makes them proudest of their country，this has limited political supportA century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save“the beauty ofnatural places for everyone forever”It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where theycould experience“a refreshing air”Hills pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts Theydont make countryside any more，and every year concrete consumes more of it It needs constant guardianshipAt the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment The Conservatives planningreform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation，even authorizing“offplan”building wherelocal people might objectThe concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitableLabour likewisewants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development The Liberal Democrats are silent OnlyUkip，sensing its chance，has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land ItsCampaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive partiesThe sensible place to build new houses，factories and offices is where people are，in cities and towns whereinfrastructure is in place The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a millionhouses in the London area alone，with no intrusion on green belts What is true of London is even truer of theprovincesThe idea that“housing crisis”equals“concreted meadows”is pure lobby talk The issue is not the need formore houses but，as always，where to put themUnder lobby pressure，George Osborne favours rural new-buildagainst urban renovation and renewalHe favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streetsThis is not a freemarket but a biased one Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow They do so best wherebuilding sticks to their edges and respects their character We do not ruin urban conservation areas Why ruin ruralones?Development should be planned，not let trip，After the Netherlands，Britain is Europes most crowdedcountry Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence，whilestill permitting low-density urban living There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southernPortugal，Spain or Ireland Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the politicalspectrum26 Britains public sentiment about the countrysideA is not well reflected in politicsB is fully backed by the royal familyC didnt start till the Shakespearean ageD has brought much benefit to the NHS27 According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now beingA largely overshadowedB properly protectedC effectively reinforcedD gradually destroyed28 Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A Labour is under attack for opposing developmentB The Conservatives may abandon“off-plan”buildingC Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservationD The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29 The author holds that George Osborness preferenceA shows his disregard for the character of rural areasB stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisisC highlights his firm stand against lobby pressureD reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30 In the last paragraph the author shows his appreciation ofA the size of population in BritainB the enviable urban lifestyle in BritainC the town-and-country planning in BritainD the political life in todays BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business”Wrote Milton Friedman，a Nobel Prize-winningeconomist“That is，to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits”But even if youacceptFriedmans premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR)policies as a waste of shareholderssmoney，things may not be absolutely clear-act New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value forcompanies at least when they are prosecuted for corruptionThe largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than$15 billion a year on CSR，according to anestimate by EPG，a consulting firmThis could add value to their businesses in three waysFirst，consumers maytake CSR spending as a“signal”that a companys products are of high quality Second，customers may be willingto buy a companys products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps And third，through a morediffuse“halo effect”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and othersPrevious studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by allthree A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under Americans ForeignCorrupt Practices Act（FCPA）It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a companys products as part of theirinvestigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effectThe study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended toget more lenient penalties Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms political influence，rather thantheir CSR stand，that accounted for the leniency:Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did notreceive lower finesIn all，the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits，they doseem to be influenced by a companys record in CSR“We estimate that either eliminating a substantiallabour-rights concern，such as child labour，or increasing corporate giving by about 20%result in fines thatgenerally are 40%lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials，”says one researcherResearchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend onCSR Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect，rather than the other possiblebenefits，when they decide their do-gooding policiesBut at least they have demonstrated that when companies getinto trouble with the law，evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment31 The author views Milton Friedmans statement about CSR withAuncertaintyBskepticismCapprovalDtolerance32 According to Paragraph 2，CSR helps a company byAguarding it against malpracticesBprotecting it from being defamedCwinning trust from consumersDraising the quality of its products33 The expression“more lenient”(line 2，Para4)is closest in meaning toAless controversialBmore lastingCmore effectiveDless severe34 When prosecutors evaluate a case，a companys CSR recordAcomes across as reliable evidenceBhas an impact on their decisionCincreases the chance of being penalizedDconstitutes part of the investigation35 Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?A The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknownB Companies financial capacity for it has been overestimatedC Its negative effects on businesses are often overlookedDIt has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint Exactlywhen that day will be is a matter of debate”Sometime in the future，”the papers publisher said back in 2010Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside，theres plenty of incentive to ditch print Theinfrastructure required to make a physical newspaper printing presses，delivery trucks isnt just expensive;itsexcessive at a time when online only competitors dont have the same set of financial constraints Readers aremigrating away from print anyway And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts，revenue from print is still decliningOverhead may be high and circulation lower，but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake，says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah PerettiPeretti says the Times shouldnt waste time getting out of the print business，but only if they go about doing itthe right way“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them，”he said，“but if youdiscontinue it，youre going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you”Sometimes thats worth making a change anyway Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing itsDVD-mailing service to focus on streaming“It was seen as blunder，”he said The move turned out to beforesighted And if Peretti were in charge at the Times?”I wouldnt pick a year to end print，”he said“I wouldraise prices and make it into more of a legacy product”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor，the idea goes，and theyd feel like theywere helping sustain the quality of something they