2003年考研英语真题及解析 .pdf

2003 年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题SectionSection I IUseUse ofof EnglishEnglishDirectionsDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark A,B,C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional,intellectual,and physical changesthat young adults experience.And they also need to give serious1to how theycan best2such changes.Growing bodies need movement and3,but not justin ways that emphasize competition.4they are adjusting to their new bodiesand a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers areespecially self-conscious and need the5that comes from achieving success andknowing that their accomplishments are6by others.However,the typicalteenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be7to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers,8，publishingnewsletters with many student-written book reviews,9student artwork,andsponsoring book discussion clubs.A variety of small clubs can provide10opportunities for leadership,as well as for practice in successful11dynamics.Making friends is extremely important to teenagers,and many shy students need the12of some kind of organization with a supportive adult13visible in thebackground.In these activities,it is important to remember that the young teens have14attention spans.A variety of activities should be organized15participantscan remain active as long as they want and then go on to16else without feelingguilty and without letting the other participants17.This does not mean thatadults must accept irresponsibility.18they can help students acquire a senseof commitment by19for roles that are within their20and their attentionspans and by having clearly stated rules.1.A thoughtB ideaC opinionD advice2.A strengthenB accommodateC stimulateD enhance3.A careB nutritionC exerciseD leisure4.A IfB AlthoughC WhereasD Because5.A assistanceB guidanceC confidenceD tolerance6.A claimedB admiredC ignoredD surpassed7.A improperB riskyC fairD wise8.A in effectB as a resultC for exampleD in asense9.A displayingB describingC creatingDexchanging10.A durableB excessiveC surplusD multiple11.A groupB individualC personnelDcorporation12.A consentB insuranceC admissionD security13.A particularlyB barelyC definitelyD rarely14.A similarB longC differentD short15.A if onlyB now thatC so thatD even if16.A everythingB anythingC nothingD something17.A offB downC outD alone18.A On the contraryB On the averageC On the wholeD On theother hand19.A makingB standingC planningD taking20.A capabilityB responsibilityC proficiencyDefficiencySectionSection IIIIReadingReading ComprehensionComprehensionPartPart A ADirections:Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)TextText 1 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Inter net.The American spymaster whobuilt the Office of Strategic Services in the World War and later laid the rootsfor the CIA wasfascinated with information.Donovan believed in using whatevertools came to hand in the“great game”of espionagespying as a“profession.”These days the Net,which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying booksand sending mail,is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading othergentlemens e-mail.That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades.In the past three or four years,the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industryof point-and-click spying.The spooks call it“open source intelligence,”and asthe Net grows,it is becoming increasingly influential.In 1995 the CIA held a contestto see who could compile the most data about Burundi.The winner,by a large margin,was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage wasits mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford,Inc.,a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin,Texas.Straitford makes moneyby selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia)tocorporations like energy-services firm McDermott International.Many of itspredictions are available online atwww.S.Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind ofmutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution,aspymasters dream.Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the farcorners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.“As soon as that reportruns,well suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine,”says Friedman,a former political science professor.“And well hear back from some of them.”Open-source spying does have its risks,of course,since it can be difficult to tellgood information from bad.Thats where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin.Several of his staff membershave military-intelligence backgrounds.He sees the firms outsider status as thekey to its success.Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washingtonback-and-forthing,whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance theymight be wrong.Straitford,says Friedman,takespride in itsindependent voice.21.The emergence of the Net has.A received support from fans like DonovanB remolded the intelligence servicesC restored many common pastimesD revived spying as a profession22.Donovans story is mentioned in the text to.A introduce the topic of online spyingB show how he fought for the USC give an episode of the information warD honor his unique services to the CIA23.The phrase“making the biggest splash”(line 1,paragraph 3)most probablymeans.A causing the biggest troubleB exerting the greatest effortC achieving the greatest successD enjoying the widest popularity24.It can be learned from paragraph 4 that.A straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved trueB straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC straitfords business is characterized by unpredictabilityD straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information25.Straitford is most proud of its.A official statusB nonconformist imageC efficient staffD military backgroundTextText 2 2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for thetriumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”One such cause nowseeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rightsruling out their use in research.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animalrights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threateningadvances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement targetbiomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understandthe process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals inresearch settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recentstreet fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anythingthat comes from or is tested in animalsno meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked ifshe opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked whatwill happen when epidemics return,she said,“Dont worry,scientists will findsome way of using computers.”Such well-meaning people just dont understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,understandable wayin human terms,not in the language of molecular biology.Weneed to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hipreplacement,a fathers bypass operation,a babys vaccinations,and even a petsshots.To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce thesetreatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines,animal research seems wastefulat best and cruel at worst.Much can be done.Scientists could“adopt”middle school classes and presenttheir own research.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lestanimal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance oftruth.Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratoryanimals receive humane care.Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not onlywell-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statementsabout the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment.If goodpeople do nothing,there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry willextinguish the precious embers of medical progress.26.The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to.A call on scientists to take some actionsB criticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC warn of the doom of biomedical researchD show the triumph of the animal rights movement27.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is.A cruel but naturalB inhuman and unacceptableC inevitable but viciousD pointless and wasteful28.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the publics.A discontent with animal researchB ignorance about medical scienceC indifference to epidemicsD anxiety about animal rights29.The author believes that,in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,scientists should.A communicate more with the publicB employ hi-tech means in researchC feel no shame for their causeD strive to develop new cures30.From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is.A a well-known humanistB a medical practitionerC an enthusiast in animal rightsD a supporter of animal researchTextText 3 3In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other,merging intosupersystems,causing heightened concerns about monopoly.As recently as 1995,thetop four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved byrails.Next year,after a series of mergers is completed,just four railroads willcontrol well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow forsubstantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.Any threat of monopoly,they argue,is removed by fierce competition from trucks.But many shippers complainthat for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances,such as coal,chemicals,and grain,trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers areserved by only one rail company.Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federalgovernments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief,but the process isexpensive,time consuming,andwill work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the groundsthat in the long run it reduces everyones cost.If railroads charged all customersthe same average rate,they argue,shippers who have the option of switching to trucksor other forms of transportation would do so,leaving remaining customers to shoulderthe cost of keeping up the line.Its theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining whichcompanies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be thearbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici,aWashington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rateincreases.The railroad industry as a whole,despite its brightening fortuningfortunes,still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must investto keep up with its surging traffic.Yet railroads continue to borrow billions toacquire one another,with Wall Street cheering them on.Consider the$10.2 billionbid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.Conrails net railwayoperating income in 1996 was just$427 million,less than half of the carrying costsof the transaction.Whos going to pay for the rest of the bill?Many captive shippersfear that they will,as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.31.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause.A cost reduction is based on competition.B services call for cross-trade coordination.C outside competitors will continue to exist.D shippers will have the railway by the throat.32.What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the railindustry?A Indifferent.B Supportive.C Indignant.D Apprehensive.33.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that.A shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.B there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.C overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.D a government board ensures fair play in railway business.34.The word“arbiters”(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those.A who work as coordinators.B who function as judges.C who supervise transactions.D who determine the price.35.According to the text,the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly causedby.A the continuing acquisition.B the growing traffic.C the cheering Wall Street.D the shrinking market.TextText 4 4It is said that in England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and inCalifornia optional.Small wonder.Americans life expectancy has nearly doubledover the past century.Failing hips can be replaced,clinical depression controlled,cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the agingpopulation a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 yearsago.But not even a great health-care system can cure deathand our failure toconfront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal;we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish,evenunder ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level,yet as medicalconsumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third-party payersfrom the cost of our care,we demand everything that can possibly be done for us,even if its useless.The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care.Physiciansfrustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in thepatienttoo often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientificallyjustified.In 1950,the US spent$12.7 billion on health care.In 2002,the cost will be$1,540 billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willingto try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resourcesshould simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certainagesay 83 or so.Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as sayingthat the old and infirm“have a duty to die and get out of the way”,so that