2019考研英语一真题及答案解析.pdf

BornBorn toto winwin2019 年年考研考研英语一真题及答案解析英语一真题及答案解析跨考教育英语教研室Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmarkA,B,C or D on theANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems,digital maps,and other navigationapps are available on our smart phones._1_ of us just walk straight into thewoods without a phone.But phones_2_on batteries,and batteries can die faster thanwe realize._3_you get lost without a phone or a compass,and you _4_cant findnorth,a few tricks to help you navigate_5_to civilization,one of which is to followthe land.When you find yourself well_6_ a trail,but not in a completely _7_area,youhave to answer two questions:Which _8_is downhill,in this particular area?Andwhere is the nearest water source?Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys,and onsupplies of fresh water._9_,if you head downhill,and follow any H2O you find,you should _10_see signs of people.If youve explored the area before,keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be_11_how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another_12_:Climb high and look for signs of human habitation._13_,evenin dense forest,you should able to _14_gaps in the tree line due to roads,traintracks,and other paths people carve_15_ the woods.Head toward these _16_ tofind a way out.At night,scan the horizon for _17_ light sources,such as fires andstreetlights,then walk toward the glow of light pollution._18_,assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent,look for the_19_we leave on the landscape.Trail blazes,tire tracks,and other features can_20_you to civilization.BornBorn toto winwin1.ASomeBMostCFewDAll2.AputBtakeCrunDcome3.ASinceBIfCThoughDUntil4.AformallyBrelativelyCgraduallyDliterally5.AbackBnextCaroundDaway6.AontoBoffCacrossDalone7.AunattractiveBuncrowdedCunchangedDunfamiliar8.AsiteBpointCwayDplace9.ASoBYetCInsteadDBesides10.AimmediatelyBintentionallyCunexpectedlyDeventually11.AsurprisedBannoyedCfrightenedDconfused12.AproblemBoptionCviewDresult13.AAbove allBIn contrastCOn average DFor example14.AbridgeBavoidCspotDseparate15.AfromBthroughCbeyondDunder16.ApostsBlinksCshadesDbreaks17.AartificialBmysteriousChiddenDlimited18.AFinallyBConsequently CIncidentallyDGenerally19.AmemoriesBmarksCnotesDbelongings20.ArestrictBadoptCleadDexpose今年完形填空的难度系数很小，基本无生词，长难句也很少。完形填空取材于名叫 Popular Science 的网站，文章题目是 How to find your way out of the woodswithout toolsor your phone。下面我们一起来看一下答案及解析。1.【答案】C Few【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。文章首段首句为主题句，谈到我们生活在一个 GPS 定位系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都能在手机中找到的世界里。空格句指出：我们中的在没有手机的情况下走进森林。走进森林或者BornBorn toto winwin陌生地方我们需要地图的指引，所以句意为在没有手机的情况下我们很少有人走进森林。Without 与 few 相呼应。Few 表示几乎没有，填入符合文意。2.【答案】C run【解析】此处考察词组搭配。Put on batteries 表示手机需要电池才能正常使用。Put on（穿上；增加；使运转），take on（承担；呈现；雇佣），come on（快点；开始），放入句中均与句意不符。3.【答案】B If【解析】此处考察逻辑关系。空格所在句指出：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明之地。看过四个选项之后我们发现此题考察的是逻辑关系，此处为假设情况，B 选项代入原文更符合句意。Since（因为；自从），though（虽然），until（直到）。4.【答案】D literally【解析】此处考察副词词义辨析。空格所在句指出：如果你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，你找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明之地。将四个选项 formally（正式地），relatively（相对地），gradually（逐渐地），literally（确实地，真正地）带入目标空，发现只有 D 选项符合文意。5.【答案】Aback【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。空格所在句指出：如果你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，你肯定找不到北方，那么我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明之地。前文说到迷路（lost），空格句说我们有一些技巧帮助你文明之地，肯定是回到（back）文明之地。6.【答案】B off【解析】此处考察词义辨析+词组搭配，需要运用段落总分结构法解题。空格句指出：当你发现自己正好一条小径，而不是在完全地形中时，你必须回答BornBorn toto winwin两个问题：在这个特定的地区，哪个是下坡？最近的水源在哪里？目标空出现在句首，运用我们课上讲过的段落总分结构法解题：段首出现空不要着急做题，要看段落剩下的部分所表达的意思，通过后面文章可以发现，前文想表达当你便宜正常路线，迷失踪迹的时候。B 选项远离，离开符合句意。7.【答案】D unfamiliar【解析】此处考察词义辨析。空格所在后半句出现了 but 这个很重要很明显的转折词，那么所填入的词要与前面的句意构成转折关系，前文说到虽然偏离了路线，但是也不是完全不熟悉路，D 选项 unfamiliar（不熟悉的，不常见的）符合句意，为正确选项。Unattractive（不吸引人的），uncrowded（不拥挤的），unchanged（未改变的，没有变化的）均与句意不符。8.【答案】C way【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。当你发现自己远离一条小径，而不是在完全陌生的地形中时，你必须回答两个问题：在这个特定的地区，哪个是下坡？最近的水源在哪里？文章都在讨论迷路之后的对策和办法，那迷路了我们就需要找到回家或者有人烟地方的路，空格处刚好也是要表达这样的意思，事要找到下坡的路，所以 C 选项正确。site（地点，位置，场所），point（要点），place（地点，地方）三个选项均不符合句意表达，故不入选。9.【答案】ASo【解析】此处考察逻辑连接词。空格前一句指出：生活在山谷中的人基本上靠饮用淡水为生，紧接着空格句：你下山沿着水走就会发现人类活动的迹象.很明显前后两句之间是因果的逻辑关系，A 选项 So 是表示因果关系的连接词。10.【答案】D eventually【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。空格句句意：所以如果你下山沿着水走，你发现人类活动的迹象.所填入的副词需要与语境相符，D 选项 eventually（最终，最后）符合句意。Immediately（立即，立刻），intentionally（有意地，BornBorn toto winwin故意地），unexpectedly（意外地，出乎意料地）三个选项带入空格处均不符合句意。11.【答案】Asurprised【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。从该句“如果你之前探索过这一区域，那就留心观察那些熟悉的记号，或许你可以很快地找到一块醒目的岩石或者大树能重新12.【答案】B option【解析】这里提到了一个关键词 another，所以说明它所指代的内容在上文中提到过，且后面有冒号解释说明：爬到高处，寻找人类居住的迹象。说明这也是一种方法，所以只有 option 最合适。13.【答案】D For example【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。前面说了一种大致的方法，后面内容是具体分析，所以用表示举例分析的 for example 最合适，其他选项最重要的是、相反、平均都不合适。14.【答案】C spot【解析】考察搭配。结合原文语境，“即使是在茂密的森林里，你也应该能够林木线的缝隙。”所以这里填上一个动词后面的宾语是缝隙的只有观察这个意思，所以答案只能是 spot,而 bridge the gap 是弥补代沟，其他几个意思不符。15.【答案】B through【解析】本题考察介词搭配。“因为道路、电线、火车轨道和其他道路都是人们树林中开辟的。”这里填的介词强调与动词 carve 搭配，表示从树林中 carve 开来，所以 through 最合适。16.【答案】D breaksBornBorn toto winwin【解析】本题考察词义复现。“朝着这些走，找到一条出路。”前面提到了代词 these,所以内容肯定有所指代，根据前文动词 carve 开辟，能得出大概意思为岔路口，符合题意的就是 breaks,而 post 标杆，link 联系，shade 阴影都不符合。17.【答案】Aartificial【解析】根据本题语境，强调在夜晚，可以用光源探路，如火源和路灯，填词为形容词修饰 light sources，后面举例说明了是火源和路灯，而这种光源不是天然的，而是人工的，所有 artificial 完美符合。其他的 mysterious 神秘的，hidden隐藏的，limited 有限的均不符合。18.【答案】AFinally【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。可以先看选项 finally 最终地，consequently因此，incidentally 偶然地，generally 通常地，结合文章后面一句，“，假设你迷失在一个人类常去的地方，寻找我们在风景上留下的。”能看出，跟上一句之间说的是另外一种情况，而得出的另一种说法，所以 finally 更合适。19.【答案】B marks【解析】本题考察逻辑关系。根据原文语境“look for the we leave on thelandscape.”“假设你迷失在一个人类常去的地方，寻找我们在风景上留下的”。既然迷失了，肯定是寻找记号，答案 marks 最合适。20.【答案】C lead【解析】考察搭配 Trail blazes,tire tracks,and other features can you tocivilization 山火、轮胎痕迹和其他特征可以你走向现代文明社会。只有“带你”最符合，所以选择 lead，而 restrict 限制，adopt 采取，收养，expose 暴露，曝光均不符合。Section Reading ComprehensionPartABornBorn toto winwinDirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B,C or D.Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET.（40 points）Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bossesof big banks.Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top executives could bedelayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The mainpurpose of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-takingand to restore public trust in financial institution.Yet officials also hope for a muchlarger benefit:more long term decision-making not only by banks but by allcorporations,to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits,has worsened in publicly tradedcompanies,says the Bank of Englands top economist.Andrew Haldane.He quotes agiant of classical economics,Alfred Marshall,in describing this financial impatienceas acting like“Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain,henotes,has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.Transientinvestors,who demand high quarterly profits from companies,can hinder a firmsefforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.This has beendubbed“quarterly capitalism”In addition,new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities,quicker use of information,and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets.There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-terminvesting,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and ExchangeCommission in a speech this week.In the US,the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies todefer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year,slightly helpingBornBorn toto winwinreduce“short-termism.”In its latest survey of CEO pay,The Wall Street Journalfinds that“a substantial part”of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage“long-termism，”such as changes in thetax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.In France,shareholders whohold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn morevoting rights in a company.Within companies,the right compensation design can provide incentives forexecutives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of allstakeholders.Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest intheir performance,not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1,one motive in imposing the new rule is theA.enhance bankers sense of responsibilityB.help corporations achieve larger profitsC.build a new system of financial regulationD.guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA.the conditions for generating quick profitsB.governments impatience in decision-makingC.the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD.“short-termism”in economic activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA.indirectB.adverseC.minimalD.temporaryBornBorn toto winwin24.The US and France examples and used to illustrateA.the obstacles to preventing“short-termism”.B.the significance of long-term thinking.C.the approaches to promoting“long-termism”.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers21.答案【A】enhance bankerssense of responsibility解析：本题目为细节题，考察具体细节。根据题干关键词 Paragraph 1 和 one motivein imposing the new rule 定位到第一段第三句。The main purpose of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trustin financial institution.这项“回扣”规则的主要目的是让银行家为有害的风险承担责任，并恢复公众对金融机构的信任。正确答案 A 的 enhance bankerssense ofresponsibility 增强银行家的责任感,是原文的同义表达。干扰项 B 的 helpcorporations achieve larger profits 帮助公司获得更大的利润，并未提及，是常识性干扰。选项 C 的 build a new system of financial regulation 建立新的金融监管体系，原文并未提及，属于无中生有；选项 D 的 guarantee the bonuses of top executives保证高层管理人员的奖金与原文提到的 any guaranteed bonus of top executivescould be delayed 10 years 任何有保证的高管奖金都可能推迟 10 年，表述相反，属于正反混淆。22.答案【D】“short-termism”in economic activities解析：本题目为例证题，考察论据和论点的内容。根据题干关键词 Alfred Marshall地位到第二段三句，但是考察论点，定位到论据的上一句，“Short-termism”or theBornBorn toto winwindesire for quick profits,has worsened in publicly traded companies“短期主义”或对快速获利的渴望，在公开交易的公司中变得更加严重。正确选项 D short-termism”in economic activities 经济活动中的短期主义，其中主语 short-termism 是原文的原词。干扰项 A 的 the conditions for generating quick profits 快速获利的条件，并非论点内容。选项 B 政府决策缺乏耐心，无关内容。选项 C the solid structure ofpublicly traded companies 上市公司稳健结构，原文并未提及。23.答案【B】adverse解析：本题目为细节题，考察具体细节内容。根据题干关键词 the influence oftransient investment on public companies 定位到原文第三段第二句，.Transientinvestors,who demand high quarterly profits from companies,can hinder a firmsefforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.会妨碍公司投资于长期研究或建立客户忠诚度的努力，因此可知此影响是不好的，正确选项 Badverse 不利的，A 选项 indirect，不直接的 选项 C minima 极小值D temporary暂时的，因此只有 B 正确。24.答案【C】the approaches to promoting“long-termism”.解析：本题目为例证题，考察论点论据内容。根据题干关键词 US and Franceexamples 定位到原文五六段，五段为美国的例子，六段为法国的例子，第六段首句承前启后过渡到 Much more could be done to encourage“long-termism，”要鼓励“长期主义”，还有很多工作要做。正确选项 C the approaches to promoting“long-termism”.促进“长期主义”的方法。为原文的同意转换25 答案【B】Patience as a Corporate Virtue解析：本题目为主旨题，考察全文的主旨要义。纵观全文，文章围绕西方国家的金融行业的短期主义投资和长期主义投资展开，第一段由一项限制高管津贴措施引出话题。第二段介绍英国短期主义占主流，三段短期主义的弊端，四段介绍美国现阶段的短期主义投资。五段六段举例美国，法国为促进短期主义投资的措施，BornBorn toto winwin尾段再次呼应首段，注意长期投资。B 选项 Patience 对应原文的 short temisim 和long temisim,corporate 原文多次出现，为本文的关键词，选项 A Failure ofQuarterly Capitalism 季度资本主义的失败选项 C Decisiveness Required of TopExecutives 高管需要决断力 D Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers 冒险银行家的挫败感，都不能概括全文，只有 B 选项正确Text 2Grade inflationthe gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages)over the past few decadesis often considered a product of a consumer era in highereducation,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But another,related forcea policy often buried deep in course catalogs called gradeforgiveness is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received alow grade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that countsin calculating a students overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years,as collegescontinue to do their utmost to keep students in school(and paying tuition)andimprove their graduation rates.When this practice first started decades ago,it wasusually limited to freshmen,to give them a second chance to take a class in their firstyear if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.But now mostcolleges,save for many selective campuses,allow all undergraduates,and evengraduate students,to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is lessabout the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses criticalto their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.“Untimely,”said Jack Miner,Ohio State Universitys registrar,“we see students achieve moresuccess because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or masterthe content that allows them to graduate on time.”BornBorn toto winwinThat said,there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needsas well.For public institutions,state funds are sometimes tied partly to their successon metrics such as graduation rates and student retentionso better grades can,byboosting figures like those,mean more money.And anything that raises GPAs willlikely make studentswho,at the end of the day,are paying the billfeel theyvegotten a better value for their tuition dollars,which is another big concern forcolleges.Indeed,grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding toconsumers expectations for higher education.Since students and parents expect acollege degree to lead to a job,it is in the best interest of a school to turn outgraduates who are as qualified as possibleor at least appear to be.On this,studentsand colleges incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enables colleges toA.obtain more financial support.B.boost their student enrollments.C.improve their teaching quality.BornBorn toto winwinD.meet local governments needs.29.What does the phrase to be aligned(Line 5,Para.6)most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA.assessing its feasibility.B.analyzing the caus